Download - Radio planning v1.0
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Radio planning
ZTE University
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Content
ZTEZTE
1 Site HomingSite Homing
2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning
3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning
4 Code planning Code planning
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1. Site Homing
RNC capacity and site distribution per year in different regions
Sites which have the same fiber node belong to same data center; Sites belong same data center can be different RNCs
RNC boundary should be at low traffic to reduce inter RNC handover
Site Homing Principle
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Content
ZTEZTE
1 Site HomingSite Homing
2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning
3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning
4 Code planning Code planning
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2. LAC/RAC Planning
LAC/RAC are parameters represent UE paging location. When a UE is paged, CN will send paging request through RNC to all Node Bs that use the same LAC/RAC.
LAI must be unique in one network(LAI=MCC+MNC+LAC)
RAI must be unique in one network(LAI=MCC+MNC+LAC+RAC)
MSC SGSN
RNC
Node B Node B Node B Node B
LAC
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2. LAC/RAC Planning
LAC/RAC are parameters represent UE paging location. When a UE is paged, CN will send paging request through RNC to all Node Bs that use the same LAC.
If too many Node B using one same LAC/RAC may cause Node B paging overload; But if only few Node B use one same LAC/RAC, there will be many boundaries of areas with different LAC/RAC, lots of location update will occur.
If UE is moving to an area with different LAC and carrying out location update when a paging message is sent, then UE can’t receive the paging message and this UE can’t be connected.
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Content
ZTEZTE
1 Site HomingSite Homing
2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning
3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning
4 Code planning Code planning
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coverage
capacity
quality
Balance
Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity and quality.
Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity and quality.
Dimension estimation
UMTS radio network dimension estimation is a process of calculating amount and configuration of equipment based on the goal of coverage, capacity and quality.
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EnquiryEnquiry
AnalysesAnalyses
SurveySurvey
Build ModelBuild Model
SimulationSimulation
Requirement Analyses
Site Survey
Site Allocation
System Simulation and Authentication
Propagation Model Test
Propagation Model calibration
Capability Estimation
Output Planning Report
Site Selection
Radio Network Planning Flow
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Estimation based on coverage and capacity
Determine the number of Node B according to coverage
Uplink coverage, downlink coverage→Coverage radius of cells
Account required Node B number
Determine the number of Node B according to users’ capacity
Uplink capacity, downlink capacity→the number of users supported per
cell
Account required Node B number
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PAPA
Feeder lossFeeder loss Propagation Propagation lossloss
Antenna gainAntenna gainPenetration Penetration
lossloss
NodeB sensitivityNodeB sensitivity
Shadow Shadow marginmargin
Human body Human body lossloss
UE powerUE power
Link Budget and Models
Simply, link budget is to perform accounting on all losses and gains on a communication link.
Definition: Estimate the system coverage capability by reviewing and analyzing all kinds of influence factors in the propagation path of forward and reverse signals, and obtain the maximum propagation loss allowed on the link under certain call qualities.
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Transmitting Power
The NodeB transmitting power is a system parameter, different for individual
services. It shall be determined in accordance with service type and service
coverage.
The maximum transmitting power of NodeB is 43 dBm. The power of the
dedicated channel (DCH) accounts for 63% of the total power.
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Eb/No bit energy/noise spectrum density. The value of Eb/No relates to:
the service type moving speed encode/decode algorithm antenna diversity type power control multi-path environment
Power spectrum
Required
Eb/No
Subscriber 1Noise
Subscriber 2Subscriber 3
Eb/No = = S R
× W N
SN
X W R
= SN
X PG
Quality Factors
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PG = 25dBPG = 25dB
Voice 12.2 kbpsVoice 12.2 kbps Data 64 kbpsData 64 kbps Data 384 kbpsData 384 kbps
NodeBNodeB
PG = 18dBPG = 18dB
PG = 10dBPG = 10dB
Processing Gain
Processing gain = Chip rate/Bit rate (PG = W/R) Different services have different processing gains. As a result, their
service coverage is different.
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Soft handover regionSoft handover region
Soft Handover Gain
Soft handover gain indicates the gain to overcome slow fading. When the mobile equipment is located in the soft handover region, multiple wireless links of soft handover receive signals at the same time, which decreases the requirement for the shadow fading margin.
Macro diversity gain
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Body loss
When the handset is positioned at user’s waist or shoulder, the received signal will be 4~7dB or 1~2 dB lower than the value when it is positioned several wavelengths away from the body. Usually the value is 3dB.
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Penetration loss
The penetration loss of buildings refers to the attenuation of radio waves when they pass through the outer structure of buildings. It equals the difference between field-strength medians in and out of a building.
It is related to the material and thickness of buildings.
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Feeder Loss
For a feeder of 30-40 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 4 dB (including the connector loss) during link budget.
For a feeder of 40-50 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 5 dB (including the connector loss) during link budget.
The feeder loss may decrease the NodeB receiving level and shorten the coverage radius. Tower amplifiers can be used to compensate the feeder loss on the uplink.
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Loading
Noi
se R
ise
Stable system
Just stable system
Uns
tabl
e sy
stem
Capacity increasesSystem unstable
Interference Margin Coverage, Capacity and Stability
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Uplink/Downlink Balance
The downlink cell radius is related to the number of subscribers in the cell, the location and services of the subscriber.
The downlink is usually limited by the capacity. When the load of the cell increases, the condition of limited downlink may occur.
The balance between the uplink and downlink needs the help of planning software for iterative calculation.
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HSDPA Link budget
Cell edge coverage bit rate decide the cell radius Demodulation threshold is Es/No Without soft handover and fast power control, so the Power control
headroom and soft handover gain is zero Body loss is Zero.
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Coverage target Max. allowed path loss
Propagation model
Link budget
Coverage radius
Calculation of NodeB Coverage Radius
Link budget is a key component in coverage planning
Link budget can help understand the impacts made by parameters on network
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Mid-high Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions
Large Scale Factories
Mid-high Traffic Areas
Coverage Solutions
Dense Urban
Indoor macro Node
B
Outdoor macro Node
B
Streetmicro Node B
StreetBBU+RRU
Common Urban
Macro Node B +RRU
BBU+RRU
Sceneries Big Markets
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Flexible Deployments of RRUs
In mid-high traffic areas the
RRUs can be flexibly deployed
when there is not enough site
room:
Macro Node B+ RRU
BBU+ RRU
BBU pool+RRU
Out door construction reduces cost and rent
High efficiency PA makes smaller Node B
and lower power consumption
MGWMGWMSC MSC ServerServer
BBU
Macro Node B
Large scale BBU
RRU
RNCRNC RNCRNC
GGSNGGSNSGSNSGSN
Macro Node B RRURRU
RRURRU
RRU
RRU
Macro Node B Construction
Flexible deployment of RRUs
It is an innovation to flexibly deploy RRUs
ZXWR serial RRU
ZXWR BBUB
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The difficulties of Dense Urban Coverage
Many high buildings make wireless signals barrier seriously.
Difficult to find sites, especially rooftop platform
Traffic explosion needs high system capacity
High cost of associated equipments and renting
The deployment of macro Node B meets the requirement of capacity
The street Node B solution does not need rooftop platform and associated equipments
SOLUTION
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Outdoor Micro Node B in Street Solution
Covering areas The outdoor micro Node B solution can be
deployed in the urban areas where can not install
fibers. The micro Node Bs and lightning proof box are
hidden in pole-piers. Beautify antenna and
lightning rod on top of the pole.
Iub interface supports IP transmission.
The power supply is 220V/110V AC, UPS and
batteries are hidden nearby.
Install along streets
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Low Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions
highway
Low traffic Areas
Coverage solutions
suburb
4 antennas receiving
OTSRMicro
Node BMacro Node
B+RRU
rural roads tunnel
BBU+RRU
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Radiated Coverage of Macro Node B + RRU
Macro Node B with BBU function will be deployed if there is room site and transmission
RRU can be deployed when there is not enough room. RRU connects with macro Node B by fibers.
Microwave can be chosen as one kind of transmission between sites.
Construction detailConstruction detail
RRU
Site 1 Site 2
Site 3
RRU
Macro Node B with room site and transmission
Microwave transmission introduced
SDH/PDH
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Outdoor Micro Node B Coverage Solution Highway
Coverage Solution
The choice of outdoor micro Node B and repeater can meet the requirement of tunnels coverage.
In low traffic areas the micro Node Bs are good choice to make fast deployment.
+
ZXWR B8803+REPEATER
Tunnel
Rural Suburb
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Traditional Indoor Coverage Solution for Office Environment
Signal Source plus Distributed System
Passive Distribution System
Active Distribution System
Fiber Distribution System
Penetration Coverage
Outdoor Macro Node B
Outdoor Micro Node B
Repeater Coverage
RF Repeater
Fiber Repeater
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Penetration Coverage by Outdoor Macro Node B
A simple indoor coverage solution.
To tolerate 10-20dB path loss because of the separate wall.
Not having good covering effects because of the loss.
This solution is suitable for the residential areas where the buildings are lower than 7 floors.
The penetration coverage by outdoor macro Node B can’t meet the
requirements of the most indoor coverage occasions
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Content
ZTEZTE
1 Site HomingSite Homing
2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning
3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning
4 Code planning Code planning
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NodeBs are differentiated by scrambling code in WCDMA system. There are totally 512 codes, which can be divided into 64 groups, each group contains 8 primary
codes. Cells which are using the same scrambling code needs to guarantee the site distance is far
enough to avoid the interference.
4. PSC Planning
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4. PSC Planning The sequential scrambling code will be used in 3 sectors of one NodeB.
Three cells of the same sector (different carriers) will use the same scrambling code in one NodeB. The “PSC Reuse Factor” will be set to ensure the PSC reuse distance to be maximum.
No PSC repeated within 30 kilometers in
OM project!
No PSC repeated within 30 kilometers in
OM project!
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SC Colour Coding example
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