Download - Radiation
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ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF
GOVERNMENT
DELHI
“ Radiation Concepts for Paramedical”
DR.P.P.SINGH
By
Dr. P.P.SINGH
Faculty AIILSGD
Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi
Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..
SOURCE BOOKS OF AIILSGD.
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RADIATION
MAN IS EXPOSED TO RADIATION RECEIVED FROM
OUTER SPACE ON THE EARTH. WHICH IS THE NATURAL
PART OF OUR ENVIRONMENT.
MAN IS ALSO SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL RADIATION ,
I.E. FROM RADIO ACTIVE MATTER STORED IN BODY TISSUES
LIKE URANIUM , THORIUM STRONTIUM, CARBON ( C14).
ARTIFICIAL OR MAN MADE SOURCE OF RADIATION
ARE – X-RAYS, NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS ETC.
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* RADIO ACTIVITY IS THE DECOMPOSITION OF AN ATOM BY
EMISSION OF RADIANT ENERGY SUCH AS ALPHA, BETA,
GAMMA OR X-RAYS.
*RADIATION IS THE GIVING OFF OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES ON PARTICULAR RAYS.
EFFECT OF ACTION OF RADIATION.
*THESE ACT DIRECTLY ON CYTOPLASM OF CELL AND CAUSE
DE-NATURATION OF PROTEINS , AFFECTS THE NUCLEUS . THE
CELL DIVISION IS AFFECTED AND RESULTING CELL OF FUTURE
GENERATION ARE BADLY DAMAGES.
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SOURCES OF RADIATION
1. NATURAL.
2. MAN- MADE.
NATURAL
A, COSMIC RAYS IN THE ATMOSPHERE –
MAJORITY ARE FILTERED BY AIR.
B, ATMOSPHERIC GASES – GASES LIKE
RADON, THORON .
C, TERRESTRIAL – RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT
FOUND IN MINES & ON EARTH SURFACE.
D, INTERNAL – ELEMENT WHICH ARE
DECOMPOSED IN BODY EG ISOTOPE OF CARBON.
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MAN- MADE
A, OCCUPATION ;- URANIUM MINES , ATOMIC
POWER , X-RAY IN MEDICAL & INDUSTRIAL FIELD.
NATURAL SUBMARINES , MAKING LUMINOUS
WATCH DIALS, PRESERVATION OF FOOD
STERILIZATION OF DRUGS, TESTING PLASTICS ,
ABRASIVE ETC.
B, RADIOACTIVE FALL OUT. ;- NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
RELEASES HIGH ENERGY , TEMPERATURE, HEAT LIGHT ,
RADIATION AND MANY ISOTOPES.
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EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMAN BODY:
FACTORS INFLUENCING ARE :-
1. TYPE OF RADIATION.
2.DOSE OF RADIATION.
3.TIME OF RADIATION.
4 EXPOSURE OF WHOLE BODY OR
PART.
5.DISTANCE FROM SOURCE OF
RADIATION.
6. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
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RADIATION EXPOSURE MAY BE ACUTE OR
CHRONIC.
ACUTE EXPOSURE : LARGE DOSE OF SHORT
DURATION.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE : SMALL DOSE OVER LONG
PERIOD.
THE COMMON EFFECTS ARE:-
1. ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME : 400-500
RADS.
2. OVERALL EFFECT : 50% DEATH AND 100% WILL
MANIFEST SICKNESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, HAIR LOSS,
DIARRHOEA WITH BLOOD , ULCERS IN MOUTH , FEVER AND
DEATH
3.AN EXPOSURE TO DOSE OF 3000RADS – 100% WILL
DIE IN ONE WEEK.
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CHRONIC EFFECTS:
1. THRESHOLD EFFECTS : TO THOSE A CERTAIN
MINIMUM DOSE IS GIVEN FOR TREATMENT . THE EFFECT ARE:
I– DECREASE IN BLOOD CELL,
II--GI EFFECT – NAUSEA , VOMITING ,
DIARRHOEA .
III--REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – STERILITY,
ABORTION, DAMAGE
TO FETUS.
2. NON THRESHOLD EFFECT ARE:
I. GENES MUTATION.
II CANCER OF LUNG, BLOOD, SKIN,
THYROID ETC.
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PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION :-
1. HEALTH PROMOTION
I, HEALTH EDUCATION REGARDING HANDLING X-RAY
MACHINE.
II, PERSONAL HYGIENE.
III, GOOD HOUSE KEEPING ( CLEAN ,TIDY AND NEAT).
2. SPECIFIC PROTECTION :
I, USING MINIMUM EFFECTIVE DOSE.
II, AVOIDANCE OF INDISCRIMINATE USE.
III, USE LEAD APRONS, GOGGLES.
IV, DECREASING TIME OF EXPOSURE.
V, USING SHIELD AND KEEPING DISTANCE.
VI, ENCLOSING PROCEDURE TOTALLY.
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3. EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
PUBLIC HEALTH CHECK UP – BY FILM BADGE (
DOSIMETER) AND BLOOD CELL EXAMINATION .
MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE – CANNOT BE
DISCHARGED IN AIR OR STREAM , SPECIAL TREATMENT
LIKE PRECIPITATION OR STORAGE IN CEMENT CONCRETE
BOX AND DISPOSED IN DEEP SEA.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN
RADIATION – 1. W H O.
2. IAEA ( INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY
AGENCY)
3.ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION.
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MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION
THERE ARE THREE WAYS;-
1. ROENTGEN – IT IS THE EXPOSURE UNIT IF AMOUNT
OF RADIATION ABSORB IN AIR AT GIVEN POINT I.E. NUMBER
OF IONS PRODUCED IN 1 ML OF AIR.
2. RAD – IT IS THE UNIT OF ABSORBED DOSE PER
GRAM OF TISSUE OR ANY MATERIAL 1 MRAD = 0.001.
3. REM – IT IS MODIFYING FACTOR .THE REM
INDICATES THE DEGREE OF POTENTIAL DANGER TO HEALTH.
( WHERE RAD AND REM ARE EQUAL RADIATION IS
HIGHLY PENETRATING.)
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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
1. COULOMB PER KILOGRAM (C/KG) =
ROENTGEN 2.58X10-4CKG. ( UNITS OF
EXPOSURE)
2. GRAY (GY) = RAD 1 RAD = 0.01GY (UNIT OF
ABSORBED DOSE)
3.SIEVERT (SV) = REM . 1 SV = 100 REM
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PENETRATIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT RAYS:-
COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATIONS.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPROXIMATE PENETRATING ABILITY
TYPE OF RADIATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AIR TISSUE LEAD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. ALPHA PARTICLES 4 CM 0.05 CM 0
2. BETA PARTICLE 6 – 300 CM 0.06-4.0 CM 0.005 – 0.3MM.
3. GAMMA RAYS 400 MTS 15 – 30 CM 30 MM.
4. X RAYS 120 – 420 MTS 15 – 30 CM 0.3 MM.
5. COSMIC RAYS SOME COMPONENTS VERY HIGH
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SOURCE : LITTLE J.B.( 1966) N.ENG.J.OF MED. 275-929