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RABIES IN CHINA
1. Diagnostic Laboratory on Rabies and Wildlife Associated Zoonoses (DLR), Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.
2. Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
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Rabies in the World
Animal rabies (red) Human rabies
Global cases: Asia: ~31 000 (56% ),Africa: ~ 24 000 (44%),Other continents:<500
(WHO)
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Rabies –in Asia
Annual Death of Human Rabies in Asia: ~ 31 000.
Predominant source: rabid dogs
(WHO)
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most endemic in south
mainly in rural area (90%)
transmission source: rural dogs, 95%
Rabies in China
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•Human rabies deaths between 1950 to 2010 (MOH, China)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
De
ath
Years
3303
1988
(China CDC)
Rabies in China
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Molecular epidemiology
Indonesia
Philippines
G gene-based phylogenetic analysis: 113 Chinese strains (1969-2008) and 13 SEA strains (1983-
1999) (Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia). Three
major linages were identified in China.
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia,
Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia
Gong W. et al.,Virus Res. 2010.150:111-8.
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Tansmission dynamics
Gong W. et al.,Virus Res. 2010.150:111-8.
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Unclear epidemiological background:
1. Very low awareness of reporting animal rabies: People, including vet
practitioners, rarely report suspected rabid animals.
2. Surveillance used to look at healthy-looking dogs by detection of saliva,
neglect ill or suspected dogs.
3. The majority of rabid, suspected dogs escape, only a few are reported and
submitted to laboratory diagnosis.
4. Once injured by dogs people usually go to hospital for PET, they have no
awareness to report.
5. Dead animals (dogs, canids, bats) are not collected and submitted to
laboratory check when watched.
6. The animal rabies information collected by human CDCs is not shared
effectively with animal CDCs.
Animal Rabies
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Confirmed animal vectors :
1. Dog population: officially about 80m.
2. Rural dogs, not pet dogs, contributes to
95% of human cases
3. Domestic animals: pig, sheep, cow and
sika deer
4. Wild animals: ferret badgers,
raccoons.
Animal Rabies
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Rural dogs in China
Free roaming dogs with ownership
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Rural dogs in China
Free roaming stray dogs without ownership
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live vaccines: Single Flury LEP vaccine is widely used
for rural dogs at governmental expense. Combined
vaccine with ERA, canine distemper, canine
adenovirus, parvovirus and parainfluenza virus is used
mainly in urban dogs at the owner’s expense.
Imported killed vaccines: four products from Intervet,
Merial, Fort Dodge and RabVac.
Domestic killed vaccines: licensed last year. Using
different viral strains (CVS-11,Flury LEP, PV,etc).
Genetically modified vaccines.
Animal Vaccines
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Programme : MoA initiated an annual Rabies
Immunization and Surveillance Programme in
2005, requiring full vaccination of all types of dogs
throughout the country.
Dog management: In urban areas, a well-
established dog registration with vaccination is in
place at the owner’s expense, but in rural areas
no similar management established.
The vaccinated dogs are usually labeled with ear
tags (rural areas) or biochips (some urban areas).
Control of dog rabies
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The main reasons for low coverage in rural areas are:
not widely accepted due to poor awareness
the high cost of vaccine administration
danger of bite exposure to rabid dogs.
insufficient finance of the local governments.
Control of dog rabies
Pictures of vacine shot to rural dogs
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Prov 2007 2008 2009 2010
Guangxi 494 372 324 289
Guangdong 336 321 332 284
Guizhou 419 285 265 232
Cover all counties and districts of Nan Ning City from 2007~2010.
Two mass vaccinations of dogs applied in Spring and Autumn.
Immunizationg coverage increased from 52%in 2007 to
92.46% in 2009.
2010: human rabies decreased by 70% compared with 2007, and the number of rabies-affected counties declined by 4.
Pilot Vaccination in Guangxi(Data from Chinese CDC)
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Human rabies in 12 counties after pilot vaccination
county 2007 2008 2009 2010
total 33 34 24 10
1.宾阳县 7 6 5 1
2.隆安县 6 3 - -
3.横县 3 4 5 -
4.邕宁区 2 1 1 1
5.良庆区 2 - - 1
6.青秀区 1 2 - -
7.江南区 2 2 5 1
8.西乡塘区 1 2 - -
9.兴宁区 - 1 - -
10.武鸣县 5 4 3 2
11.上林县 3 7 1 1
12.马山县 1 2 4 3
(Data from China CDC)
Pilot Vaccination in Guangxi
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Legislation:
Dog management:
Compulsory vaccination:
Reporting and collection of animal rabies
cases.
Control of stray dogs:
Major challenges
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Long-term plan:
The MoA has initiated a long-term (2011-
2020) animal rabies control plan, which aims
to significantly reduce the incidence of human
rabies by implementation of a comprehensive
rabies control strategy at animal source. The
main goal of this is to achieve a over 70% dog
vaccination coverage.
Perspective
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Acknowledgement
Prof. Qing Tang, Chinese CDC, Ministry of
Health (MoH): providing human rabies
information.
Veterinary Bureau, MoA: budgeting annual
surveillance.
Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST):
funding our research projects on rabies.
OIE: funding the Twinning with AHVLA,
Weybridge, UK.