Download - R [unedited]
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
1/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Study
Chapter One is divided into six (6) parts: (1)
Background of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem and
the Hypotheses, (3)Theoretical and Conceptual Framework,
(4) Significance of the Study, (5),Scope and Limitation of
the Study ,and (6) Definition of Terms.
Background of the Study
Infectious diseases (IDs) continue to be the leading
cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines.
Seventy-five Filipinos die of tuberculosis (TB) every day.
The Philippines has the highest tuberculosis burden in the
Western Pacific region, with an estimated 30 million people
(32% of the entire Philippine population) infected with TB
bacilli. Sixty-six of the seventy-nine provinces in the
Philippines are considered endemic for malaria, with
malaria infection rates of 40%-60% widespread in rural
areas. Widespread dengue epidemic outbreaks occur every 2-3
1
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
2/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
years in the urban areas. Because of the dismal health
situation, prevention and control of major infectious
diseases have become key goals for the Philippines
Department of Health (DOH). In 1999, the Government of the
Philippines (GOP) and USAID, working closely with the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US-CDC),
developed an activity to respond to the emergence of
resistant varieties of tuberculosis and malaria in epidemic
proportions and to periodic occurrences of dengue epidemics.
Over the last decades, the continued increase of
antibiotic-resistant organisms and the threat of hospital-
acquired infections has become a major concern for all
healthcare workers. The associated morbidity, mortality,
and related costs imposed by hospital-acquired infections
burdens our society and urge for action [3-6]. In this way,
infection prevention and control has become one of the key
issues within the broader perspective of healthcare.
Compliance with infection control measures is reported to
be worse for less experienced members of hospital staff.
Motivation to comply with the proposed recommendations
2
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
3/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
appears to be a complex, habitual matter which seems
difficult to influence. Potential reasons for poor
adherence to evidence-based recommendations include time-
consuming matters, negative influence of colleagues,
requirement of a high staff-patient ratio (e.g. in case of
source or protective isolation), the inability of hospitals
to provide in expensive equipment or place (e.g. isolation
facilities, separate units for admitting colonized/infected
patients), poor knowledge regarding the clinical
effectiveness of infection control measures or techniques
in reducing the emerging spread of infections. However, the
most important reason for this poor compliance might be due
to a failure to adapt the favourable behaviour during
nursing training at school. Consequently, the challenge is
to ensure implementation of, and compliance with evidence-
based guidelines in daily nursing practice. The simplest
way to do this is by taking full advantage of low-tech
interventions such as education and providing feedback and
this from the start of undergraduate courses.
3
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
4/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
As undergraduate nursing students have already direct
patient contact from an early stage in their instructive
training, basic principles of infection prevention and
control should be known by this particular group of care
givers. Successful teaching in infection control has been
shown to substantially change attitude and perception among
medical students, as well as their way of performing
clinical practice. Yet, such data are not available for
what concerns nursing students.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the knowledge and
preventive practices of nursing students in infection
control.
Moreover, this study aims to:
1. To determine the effects of year level, sex, and
family income of nursing students on infection control.
2. To determine the extent of practice of preventive
practices practice by the nursing students as grouped
according to level, sex, and family income.
4
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
5/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
3. To determine the difference between the knowledge
level of nursing students when they are grouped according
to year level, sex, and family income.
4. To determine the relationship between the level of
knowledge of infection control and the extent of preventive
practices among nursing students.
Hypotheses
1. Year level, sex and family income has a
significant effect on the practice of preventive
measures regarding infection control among
nursing students.
2. There is a significant difference on the extent
of practice of preventive practices practice by
the nursing students as grouped according to
level, sex, and family income.
3. There is a significant difference between the
knowledge level of nursing students when they are
5
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
6/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
grouped according to year level, sex, and family
income.
4. There is a significant relationship between the
level of knowledge of infection control and the
extent of preventive practices among nursing
students.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored in the theory of Health
Promotion by Nola Pender .This theory integrates nursing
and behavioral science on perspective on factor that
influence health behavior, biological, physical,
psychosocial, factors that influence individual to engage
in behaviors directed towards health promotion.
The health promotion model describes the multi
dimensional nature of persons as they interact within their
environment to pursue health. The model focuses on
following three areas: Individual characteristics and
experiences, Behavior-specific cognitions and affect and;
6
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
7/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Behavioral outcomes. The health promotion model notes that
each person has unique personal characteristics and
experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of
variables for behavioral specific knowledge and affect have
important motivational significance. These variables can be
modified through nursing actions. Health promoting behavior
is the desired behavioral outcome and is the end point in
the HPM. Health promoting behaviors should result in
improved health, enhanced functional ability and better
quality of life at all stages of development. The final
behavioral demand is also influenced by the immediate
competing demand and preferences, which can derail an
intended health promoting actions.
This study was anchored on the Social Learning Theory
of Bandura. This theory focuses on the learning that occurs
within a social context. It considers that people learn
from one another, including such concepts as observational
learning, imitation and modeling. The general principles of
the Social Learning Theory state that people can learn by
observing the behaviors of others and the outcomes of those
7
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
8/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
behaviors. Learning can occur without a change in behavior
because people can learn through observation alone and
cognition plays a role in learning.
Tollmans Cognitive Theory (Walker, 1999) also lent
support to this study. According to this theory, mans view
learning primarily as a cognitive process, a matter of
acquiring beliefs and knowledge about the environment and
then demonstrating that knowledge about the environment and
by acting purposeful, goal directed ways.
Conceptual Framework
Antecedent Variable Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Significance of the Study
8
KnowledgeandPreventivePracticesPractices
InfectionControl
Year LevelMonthlyfamilyincomeSex
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
9/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
The results of this study would benefit the patients
assigned to nursing students and the nursing students
themselves in the following ways:
The nursing students, will be aware of their level of
knowledge and preventive measures and will anticipate the
need to improve their present status. This in turn will
benefit the patients because the caregivers (the nursing
students) will improve their infection control measures
thus alleviating, if not eradicating the cases of
nosocomial infections.
This study will benefit the nursing students in such a
way that they will be more conscious of protecting
themselves from contracting diseases through proper
infection prevention.
The patients who are under the care of nursing
students will be able to benefit in a way that the
students nurse that are handling them will practice an
effective way of preventing infection and further
complications. They will also be provided with health
9
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
10/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
teachings that are beneficial to them and their family
members.
This study will benefit the college in evaluating the
students awareness and practice in terms of infection
control. In addition, the factors that affect the knowledge
and practice of nursing students will also be determined
and how these factors contribute to the students health
practices in school, and in the clinical area. The
informations obtained in this study also will also help the
college determine if there is a need for emphasis in terms
on infection control practices of the students.
This study will benefit the Department of Health in a
way that it can help the agency evaluate the public
awareness and practice especially that of the students
about standard precautionary measures to prevent infection.
The information obtained from this study can serve as a
basis for health programs and enhanced information
dissemination in regards to infection control especially in
schools.
10
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
11/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This descriptive-correlational research aimed in
determining the knowledge and preventive practices on
infection control among nursing students of West Visayas
State University.
The independent variables were the knowledge level and
practice of preventive measures while the dependent
variable would be infection control. On the other hand, the
antecedent variables are year level, family income and sex.
The data will be collected using the researcher-made
20-item questionnaire for the determination of the
knowledge level of infection control and researcher-made
20-item rating scale will be used to determine the
preventive practices against infection of randomly selected
levels 2,3,and 4 nursing students of West Visayas State
University in the clinical setting. The questionnaire will
be subjected to face and content validation. The
researchers will personally distribute and administer the
research instrument on June 2011.
11
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
12/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
The study will be limited to 50 students per year
level from the total student population of 400 nursing
students for the school year 2011-2012 of West Visayas
State University. This study will use a stratified random
sampling technique to select the participants.
The statistical tools employed were means, standard
deviations, frequency and percentages,t-test, One-Way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Pearsons Product
Moment Coefficient of Correlation (Pearsons r). The level
of significance was set at 0.05 alpha. All statistical
computations were processed through the Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
Definition of Terms
Infection- invasion of the body by pathologic
microorganisms that reproduce and multiply causing the
disease by local cell injury, secretion of a toxin, or
antigen-antibody reaction in the host. (Mosbys Pocket
Dictionary, 2006, p.705)
12
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
13/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
In this study, it refers to acquisition of physiologic
symptoms (e.g. redness, swelling, tenderness, fever,
bleeding, increased mucus production and discharges) of an
individual as a result of exposure to pathologic
microorganisms.
Infection Control- the policies and procedures of a
hospital or other health facility to minimize risk of
spreading of nosocomial or community-acquired infections to
patients or member of the staff. (Mosbys Pocket
Dictionary, 2006, p.705)
In this study, it refers to the actual practice of
hand washing, waste disposal, use of gloves, masks and
disinfectants by student nurses in the clinical area.
Prevention- any action directed to prevent illness and
promoting health to eliminate the need for secondary or
tertiary health care. (Mosbys Pocket Dictionary, 2006, p.
1107)
In this study, prevention refers to the actual
practice of asepsis (e.g. hand washing, use of gloves,
13
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
14/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
masks and disinfectants, etc.) by student nurses in the
clinical area.
Knowledge- In this study, it refers to the facts the
students have regarding infection control. It will be
measured using a 20-item test about infection control and
categorized information. The scoring will be based on three
categories:
Below Average- 0-6
Average- 7-13
Above Average- 14-20
Sex-In this study, it refers to the biological orientation
of an individual, either male or female.
Income- In this study, it refers to the total earnings of
all working members of the students family for a span of
time who reside under one roof with the student.
Year Level- In this study, it refers to the current level
of education that the student is taking at the time of the
study.
14
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
15/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Students- In this study, it refers to the randomly selected
students who are enrolled for the semester in West Visayas
State University-College of Nursing Students.
Visayas State university. They will be randomly selected
and with informed consent, asked to answer the 20-item
questionnaire prepared by the researchers.
15
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
16/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Chapter II
Review Of Related Literature
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a hostorganism by
parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's
resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease.
Colloquially, infections are usually considered to be
caused by microscopic organisms or microparasites like
viruses, prions, bacteria, and viroids, though larger
organisms like macroparasites and fungi can also infect.
Hosts normally fight infections themselves via their
immune system. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an
innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by
an adaptive response. Pharmaceuticals can also help fight
infections.
The branch of medicine that focuses on infections and
pathogens is infectious disease medicine.
16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroparasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroparasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease -
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
17/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Infection indicates a host interaction with anorganism. A patient colonized with S. aureus may have
staphylococci on the skin without any skin interruption or
irritation. If the patient had an incision, S. aureus could
enter the wound, with an immune system reaction of local
inflammation and routing of white cells to the site.
Clinical evidence of redness, heat, and pain and laboratory
evidence of white cells on the wound specimen smear suggest
infection. In this example, the host identifies the
staphylococci as foreign. Infection is recognized by the
host reaction and by organism identification.(Brunner andSuddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Tenth
Edition (Lippincott, 2003)
Infection Control
Every year, many lives are lost because of the spread
of infections in hospitals. Health care workers can take
steps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These
steps are part of infection control.
17
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
18/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
Proper hand washing is the most effective way to
prevent the spread of infections in hospitals. If you are a
patient, don't be afraid to remind friends, family and
health care providers to wash their hands before getting
close to you.
Other steps health care workers can take include
covering coughs and sneezes, staying up-to-date with
immunizations, using gloves, masks and protective clothing,
making tissues and hand cleaners available, following
hospital guidelines when dealing with blood or contaminated
items.
Nurses specializing in infection control are
responsible for agency wide policy development and program
direction. Infection risk is significantly increased as
patient care equipment becomes more complex and as more
devices that disrupt naturally protective anatomic barriers
are used. Staff nurses play an important role in risk
reduction by paying careful attention to hand hygiene, by
ensuring careful administration of prescribed antibiotics,
and by following procedures to reduce the risks associated
18
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
19/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
with patient care devices. (Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook
of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Tenth Edition (Lippincott,
2003)
Transmission of Organisms
Understanding the mode of transmission of infection is
necessary for practicing and designing infection control
strategies. Four main routes spread organisms: contact
(direct, indirect or droplet); airborne; vehicle; and
vectorborne transmission. Although vector-related spread is
not likely to be of relevance in an office setting, the
other mechanisms are all potentially important modes of
transmission in a doctors office.
Standard Precautions
The tenets of Standard Precautions are that all
patients are colonized or infected with microorganisms,
whether or not there are signs or symptoms, and that a
uniform level of caution should be used in the care of all
patients. The elements of Standard Precautions include hand
19
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
20/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
hygiene, use of gloves and other barriers (eg, mask, eye
protection, face shield, gown), handling of patient care
equipment and linen, environmental control, prevention of
injury from sharps devices, and patient placement. (Brunner
and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Tenth
Edition (Lippincott, 2003)
Routine Practices
Routine practices refers to the standards of
practice that should be followed for the care of ALL
patients at ALL times. They are based on the premise that
all patients are potentially infectious, even when
asymptomatic, and that the same safe standards of practice
should be taken routinely when handling blood, body fluids,
secretions and excretions, mucous membranes, non-intact
skin, and undiagnosed rashes of all patients.
Adherence to routine practices protects not only the
health care worker but also other patients who may
subsequently be in contact with that health care worker.
20
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
21/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
There are three principles that are inherent in
routine practices and these are hand hygiene, personal
protective equipment (PPE), safe handling and disposal of
sharps
Hand Hygiene
The term hand hygiene has replaced hand washing and
includes the use of plain or antimicrobial soap with
running water, as well as the use of an alcohol-based hand
sanitizer. When caring for a patient with diarrhea,
including suspected or confirmed Clostridium difficile
infection. Wash with plain or antimicrobial soap and water,
or a waterless/alcohol-based product when performing
routine care and non-invasive procedures such as following
personal hygiene (e.g., use of toilet, blowing nose);before
eating, drinking or serving food; before and after direct
contact with individual patients; before preparing or
handling sterile products or medications; between clean
and dirty procedures on the same patient; after removing
gloves; after contact with the environment or equipment in
21
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
22/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
the treatment room;and after contact with laboratory
specimens.
Hand Decontamination with Alcohol-Based Product can be
done:After contact with body fluids, excretions, mucous
membranes,nonintact skin, or wound dressings as long as
hands are not visibly soiled, After contact with a
patients intact skin (as after taking pulse or blood
pressure or lifting a patient),In patient care, when moving
from a contaminated body site to a clean body site, After
contact with inanimate objects in the patients immediate
vicinity, Before caring for patients with severe
neutropenia or other forms of severe immune suppression,
Before donning sterile gloves when inserting central
catheters, Before inserting urinary catheters or other
devices that do not require a surgical procedure,or After
removing gloves. (Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of
Medical-Surgical Nursing. Tenth Edition (Lippincott, 2003)
Hand Washing is done when hands are visibly dirty or
contaminated with biologic material from patient care or
22
-
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
23/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
when healthcare workers do not tolerate waterless alcohol
product. (Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-
Surgical Nursing. Tenth Edition (Lippincott, 2003)
According to the study Impact of age and gender on
adherence to infection control guidelines and medical
regimens in cystic fibrosis (MASTERSON TL, WILDMAN
BG, NEWBERRY BH, OMLOR GJ., there is age-related
differences in adherence behaviors across both infection
control and medical regimens and support the use of
developmentally sensitive approaches to assessment and
interventions addressing adherence.
According to the study The effect of an enhanced
infection-control policy on the incidence of Clostridium
difficile infection and methicillin-resistant
Staphyloccocus aureus colonization in acute elderly medical
patients (SHELDON P. STONE, VIRKA BERIC, ANNE
QUICK1, ANITA A. BALESTRINI, CHRISTOPHER C. KIBBLER),
introduction of the policy was associated with significant
23
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Masterson%20TL%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wildman%20BG%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wildman%20BG%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Newberry%20BH%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Omlor%20GJ%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=SHELDON+P.+STONE&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=VIRKA+BERIC&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=ANNE+QUICK&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=ANNE+QUICK&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/5/561.short#aff-2http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=ANITA+A.+BALESTRINI&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=CHRISTOPHER+C.+KIBBLER&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Masterson%20TL%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wildman%20BG%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wildman%20BG%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Newberry%20BH%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Omlor%20GJ%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=SHELDON+P.+STONE&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=VIRKA+BERIC&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=ANNE+QUICK&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=ANNE+QUICK&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/5/561.short#aff-2http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=ANITA+A.+BALESTRINI&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=CHRISTOPHER+C.+KIBBLER&sortspec=date&submit=Submit -
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
24/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
reductions in CD infection and unoccupied bed-days and
helped maintain a lower incidence of MRSA.
According to the study, Healthcare workers' attitudes
to working during pandemic influenza: a qualitative study,
(IVES J, GREENFIELD S, PARRY JM, DRAPER H, GRATUS C, PETTS
JI, SORELL T, WILSON S), Health Care Workers across a range
of roles and grades tended to feel motivated by a sense of
obligation to work through an influenza pandemic. A number
of significant barriers that may prevent them from doing so
were also identified. Perceived barriers to the ability to
work included being ill oneself, transport difficulties,
and childcare responsibilities. Perceived barriers to the
willingness to work included: prioritising the wellbeing of
family members; a lack of trust in, and goodwill towards,
the NHS; a lack of information about the risks and what is
expected of them during the crisis; fear of litigation; and
the feeling that employers do not take the needs of staff
seriously. Barriers to ability and barriers to willingness,
however, are difficult to separate out.
24
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ives%20J%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Greenfield%20S%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Parry%20JM%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Draper%20H%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gratus%20C%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Petts%20JI%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Petts%20JI%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sorell%20T%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wilson%20S%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ives%20J%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Greenfield%20S%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Parry%20JM%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Draper%20H%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gratus%20C%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Petts%20JI%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Petts%20JI%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sorell%20T%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wilson%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D -
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
25/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
In this study, A KAP study among staff and student
nurses about infection control in Theodor Bilharz
Hospital, it is very important to create public awareness
in the hospital community, and among nurses about the
concept of infection control. This will be done through
formal and informal instructions, by organizing regular
courses and posters. It is very essential to provide safe
disposal of syringe needles in special containers, have
facilities for hand washing during work and apply HB
vaccine for nurses working in the hospital. Meanwhile, a
highly motivated behavior should be enabled and reinforced
through realization of the regulatory and organizational
factors for better implementation arrangement, which all
supplement the educational intervention directed to change
rather than just planning. (AYYAT AA, SAYED HA, ABOU HAD
AM,Department of Community Medicine, Theodor Bilharz
Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.)
In the study, Standard precautions: knowledge and
practice among nursing and medical students in a teaching
hospital in Brazil, knowledge and practice of hand
25
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22el%20Ayyat%20AA%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sayed%20HA%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Abou%20Had%20AM%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Abou%20Had%20AM%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22el%20Ayyat%20AA%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sayed%20HA%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Abou%20Had%20AM%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Abou%20Had%20AM%22%5BAuthor%5D -
8/7/2019 R [unedited]
26/26
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Iloilo City
washing, use of gloves and the handling and disposal of
needlesticks and other sharp objects was evaluated among
nursing and medical students. Performance of both groups in
terms of knowledge of hand hygiene showed a dichotomy
between the teaching and the practice of these standard
precautions. Results have shown a deficiency in the
teaching-learning process for the other measures evaluated.
(MARY ROCHA-CARNEIRO GARCIA-ZAPATA, ADENCIA CUSTDIA SILVA
E SOUZA, JANANA VALADARES GUIMARES, ANACLARA FERREIRA
VEIGA TIPPLE, MARINSIA APARECIDA PRADO, MARCO TULIO
ANTONIO GARCA-ZAPATA
26