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Turkey and the European Union
BaladadJamias
MajaroconPinpin
Ravago
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History of Turkey
One of the oldest continuously inhabitedcommunity
Fabled city of TroyMentioned in the works of antiquity
Homer's The Iliad
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The Anatolian Peninsula
Settled by many different empiresHittites
AssyrianGreeksRomans
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Christianity in Turkey
Power of the Roman Empire moves westEmperor Constantine the Great
Makes Christianity the main religion in amostly Muslim region in 324Fall of Rome and the beginning ofConstantinople
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600 year of Ottoman Rule
1453 marks the end of the Classical PeriodConstantinople was captured by the Ottomans
Start of the Byzantine Empire600 year rule of the Ottoman startsProgressively declines in economy and power
Becomes known as the Sick man in Europe
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World War I
Joins the Central Powers Allies itself with Austria and Germany
Subsequent defeat in the warNationalism begins
Ask for reform in the government and liberty
Becomes the Republic of Turkey on October29, 1923
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Structure of Government
Republican Parliamentary GovernmentRepublic: supreme power is held by the
peopleParliamentary: legislative branch which iselected by the people
Abdullah Gul is the current president and
head of state
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Executive Branch
PM Recep Tayyip ErdoganCouncil of Ministers
Nominated by the PM; appointed by thePresident
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Legislative Branch
Unicameral Grand National Assembly550 seats
Elected by popular vote
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Judicial Branch
6 high courtsConstitutional Court
High Court of AppealsCouncil of StateCourt of Accounts
Military High Court of AppealsMilitary High Administrative
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Military
Over 1 million members Army, Navy, Air Force
Second to the US in personnelSecond largest armed force in NATOMissions: Somalia, Gulf War, War in
Afghanistan30,000 troops in Cyprus
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Land Area
Transcontinental country97% in Asia; 3% in Europe
783,562 square kilometers of land13,930 square kilometers of water
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Economy
Highly developed2010 GDP $741.9 billion
Moving into industry from being an agriculturalstateTextile, clothing, automotive, construction,electronics
Increase in privatization and entrepreneurship
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Demographics
Melting pot of ethnicity Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Abkazians,
Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks,Georgians, Bulgarians, Roma78,785,548 million people; 17 th most populousnation
1.2% growth rate
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Increase integration with the West
Founding member of the UN, OECD, OIC andG-20 Major economy
Relations with Europe essential in Turkishforeign policyMajor ties with the United States
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United Nations
Established by: the Charter of the UN and Stateof International Court of Justice in 1945
Replaced the League of NationsTo prevent another world war
Turkey one of its founding members
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The United Nations
Facilitates cooperation in:International law
International securityEconomic developmentSocial progressHuman rights
Achievement of world peace
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)
Intergovernmental military allianceMutual response to an attack from an external
partyExternal= non-member
Turkey joined in 1952
Organization for Economic
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Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development
(OECD)
34 countriesTo stimulate economic progress and
globalization (world trade) Advocates democracy in market economy
Organization for Economic
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Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development
(OECD)
Provides an avenue for:Comparing experiences
Identifying good practicesFinding answers to common problemsCoordinate international policies of itsmembers
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Turkey's final goal
Full membership in the EU Associate member in 1963
Taking steps to reach that goalClose ties with the EU member states
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European Union and the UnitedStates
Soviet threat as a cause for allianceUS support for Turkish acceptance in the EU
role model for the Islamic world The United States strongly supports Turkey'sbid to become a member of the EuropeanUnion -Pres. Obama
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EU and the US
Mutual interests at the heart of the friendshipUS needs Turkey's support on Syria and Iran
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Cyprus as a de facto
Accession negotiations catalyst for settlement(dispute between Cyprus and Turkey)
Turkey cannot veto against Cyprus accession
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Integration with EuropeanOrganization
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization of European Economic
Cooperation (OEEC, later OECD)Conference on Security and Cooperation inEurope (CSCE, later OSCE)
European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (EBRD)
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f
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Article 28 of the Ankara Agreementmentions:
As soon as the operation of this Agreementhas advanced far enough to justify envisagingfull acceptance by Turkey of the obligationarising out the Treaty establishing theCommunity, the Contracting Parties shallexamine the possibility of accession of Turkeyto the Community.
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Grounds for rejections
Community was undergoing major changes dueto the adoption of the Single European Act
Economic and political situation of Turkey atthat time had been deemed as not ready
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E i Obj ti ith T ki h
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Economic Objections with Turkishmembership
Turkey's long history of macroeconomicinstability culminated in the 2001 financial crisis
Causes were poor public financemanagementFragile banking system
Backed by International Monetary FundReform program for swift recovery
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Reform program
Clean up of the banking systemIndependence of the Central Bank
Closure of numerous extra-budgetary fundsFlexible exchange ratesTough fiscal policies
New legal framework for the energy sector,agriculture, civil aviation, telecommunication
Remains in the deficit despite
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Remains in the deficit despitereforms
Public debt and government budget deficit stillhigh
Remarkably low level of foreign directinvestmentTurkey's GDP is modest; per capita income islowLarge-scale migration flows inside TurkeyLarge agricultural sector places a heavy burdenon the country's taxpayers
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Economic Objection to the EU
Due to the small size of its economy-- at lessthan 2% of the EU's GDP Turkey's accessionwould have a minimal impact on the EUeconomy. For Turkey, on the other hand, theconsequences would be significant and highlybeneficial.
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Economic instability
0
5
10
15
20
25
123
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high population growth + underdeveloped economy= unappealing qualities for EU
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domestic and foreign policies
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membership privileges such as: EC structural funds
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influx of Turkish immigrants into the EU
free movement of its labor forces
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Obstacles in Domestic and
Foreign Policies
Main Domestic and Foreign Policy
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Main Domestic and Foreign PolicyIssues
Turkey Military Coup in 1980 Turkey being a predominantly Muslim nation
Unresolved issues between Greece overCyprus Landmass: 97% Asia, 3% Europe
Democracy and Human Rights Accord
T k Mili C i 1980
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Turkey Military Coup in 1980
Councils critical response: expected As soon as the Parliamentary Assembly resumed
Numerous moves called for TurkeyssuspensionPrerequisite of membership (statute):
Democratic form of governmentExpulsion until democracy is restored
Mili R i
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Military Regime
Frances critical view Inter-state complaint to the Human RightsCommissionConcerns through diplomatic channels
Britains concerns
Bilateral talks with military regimeTo persuade generals to moderate theirhandling of domestic issues
Scandinavian countries:
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Scandinavian countries:Critical of the military regime in Ankara, right
from the get-go Also brought Turkey before the CHR
Strongly condemned the coup that took place in1980, (September)
EU organizations:Stayed uncompromising critics of the militaryregime
G i M li P l ti
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Growing Muslim Population
One of the most sensitive of issueCultural and religious differences
EU identifies itself as a cultural and religiousmosaic that recognizes and respects DIVERSITY
Supporters of Turkeys EU bid believes on thisvision
I C
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Issues on Cyprus
Future of the divided island of Cyprus: a majorsticking point
Conflict remains unresolved despite the Councilsformula on pushing both Greece and Turkey
Decisive factor in the negotiation process
Issues on Cyprus
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Issues on Cyprus
Cyprus demands:official recognition by Turkey
access to Turkish harbors and airports
Turkey demands:
end isolation of North Cyprus
Greece: rejected the compromise
Landmass is mostly in Asia
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Landmass is mostly in Asia
An age-old debate
Is it possible to establish geographic borders forEurope?
Does Turkey fit within these borders?
Landmass is mostly in Asia
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Landmass is mostly in Asia
This is seen by many as a dispute that rests on:Philosophical
Intellectual
Treaty of Rome: calls for a construction of a union
of European states based on shared commonvalues
Democracy and Human Rights
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Democracy and Human Rights
Repeatedly expressed publicly and privately bythe West European statesThrough bilateral talks
Initially showed a mild reaction
But as time passed, with minimal progress, the EUgrew increasingly tough vs Turkey
Human Rights Issues
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Human Rights Issues
In an annual report, the European Court of HumanRights (ECHR), the top judicial body to rule onhuman rights violations in Europe, found that:
Turkey is by far the worst violator of human rightsamong the 47 signatory states of the European
Convention on Human Rights.
Statistics
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Statistics
In statistical data on violation judgments bycountry for the period between 1959 and 2009
Turkey 18.81 percentItaly 16.57 percentRussia 6.34 percent.
Within this timeframe, 2,295 judgments wereentered for Turkey and only in 46 cases did thecourt find no violations.
Th t h ight i l ti
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The most common human rights violationcommitted by Turkey was the denial of the right
to a fair trial. Article 6 of the convention, the right to a fair trial
within a reasonable time.
There have been excessive delays, in violation ofthe reasonable time requirement, in civil andcriminal proceedings taking place in Turkishcourts.
Increasing Trend
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Increasing Trend
The report unequivocally finds that in recent yearsthere has an upward trend for Turkey in terms ofapplications allocated to signatry states.
In 2009, Turkey had 4,474 applications in thecourt while the number was 3,706 for 2008 and
2,828 for 2007.
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Human rights violations in Turkeys east andsoutheast have risen dramatically
Some 11,340 human rights violations allegedlyoccurred in the region in the first four months of2011, compared to 4,507 in the same period of
2006 ( DiyarbakrHuman Rights Association)
50% increase!
Human Rights Issues
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Human Rights Issues
These figures include unsolved murders, torture[incidents], people who lost their lives in prisondue to not receiving medical treatment and
those who died in conflicts with the police inprotests,
Anyone who opposes, including people whostruggle for human rights, are detained andarrested,
U.S. State Departments 2011 Report
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U.S. State Department s 2011 Report
Cases of torture, beatings and abuse by security forces.Prison conditions improved but remained poor, with overcrowding
and insufficient staff training
Overly close relationship between judges and prosecutors
Excessively long trials were a problem.The government limited freedom of expression through the use of
constitutional restrictions and numerous laws
Press freedom declined during the year. There were limitations onInternet freedom. Courts and an independent board orderedtelecommunications providers to block access to Web sites onnumerous occasions,
Violence against women, including honor killings and rape,remained a widespread problem.