Download - Quantitative techniques for psychology
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR PSYCHOLOGY
DR.S.THENMOZHI
Lesson -1Introduction to Quantitative methods&
Measurement
• TYPES OF RESEARCH
Types of Research
Nomothetic
QuantitativeQualitative
Idiographic
Classification of Psychological Research
• Descriptive Research• Correlation Research• Experimental Research• Naturalistic observation• Self Report
Quantitative Techniques
• Need• Ad vantages• Limitations• Classification• Tests
MEASUREMENT
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio scale
scales
• Nominal – Mere No s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9• Ordinal – Ist Rank, II Rank ………• Interval - Equal Intervel - temperature• Ratio – Absolute Zero , IQ levelss
ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
Respondents FactorsSituationMeasurer EffectInstrument Tools
LESSON – 2
• CONCEPT OF OBJECTIVITY and Types of Tests
LESSON -3 TEST CONSTRUCTION
• QUESTIONNAIRES• Questionaire as per Goode (1981) refers to a
device for securing answers to questions by using a form which the Respondents fills in himself.
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages – Low cost. Free from the bias of the interviewer, Adequate time, Large samples
• Disadvantages – Low rate of return, only educated, no control once it is sent, slowest method, possibility of ambiguous, untrue, incomplete answers
Types of Qs
• Standardized / structured Questionnaire• Nonstandard zed / unstructured
Questionnaire• Closed end/ open ended Questionnaire
Types of Responses
• True /False items• Multiple Choice items• open ended items
Likert's Attitude ScaleThis is multiple agree – disagree 5
point scale
ADMINSTRATION OF Qs
• Face to Face• Written administration• Computerized administration• Telephone administration
Psychological Test
• Test in Psychology are a formal technique of measuring feelings, abilities, traits, beliefs and behavior in a particular situation.
TYPES OF TESTS • Performance / Verbal Tests• Paper Pencil Test• Personality Tests• Situational Tests• Projective Tests
• Individual test /group test • Speed test and power test• Researcher made/ standardized test• Oral/ written/ performance test
Lesson -4 TEST STANDARDIZATION
• The characteristics of Good test it should be standardized test
• Reliability• Validity• Objectivity• Norms
Test construction
• 1. Planning the Test• 2.Preparing the preliminary draft of the test• 3.Trying out preliminary draft of the test• 4.Evaluating the test• 5.Construction of the final Draft of the test
Item writing
• 1.Address single issue per item• Avoid bais• Make alternatives clear• Beware of social desirability• Determine the format of item• Sequence the item
Item analysis
Item analysis is a process which examines student responses to individual test items (questions) in order
to assess the quality of those items and of the test as a whole. Item analysis is especially valuable in improving items which will be used again in later tests, but it can also be used to eliminate ambiguous or misleading items in a single test administration. In addition, item analysis is valuable for increasing instructors' skills in test construction, and identifying specific areas of course content which need greater emphasis or clarity.
2 Characteristics of Item analysis - Difficulty value and Discriminative power
Reliability & Validity
• Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when they are reexamined with the same test on different occasions. (consistency )
• Validity refers to the concern what the test measures and how well it does so.The degree to which the test measures what it purports to measure.
Types of Reliability
• i . Test Retest Reliability• ii. Alternate form Reliability• iii. Split Half Reliability• Iv. Inter rater Reliability ( scorer Reliability)
The standard Error of measurement Analysis of variance
Types of Validity
• Types of Valitidity• Content Validity• Face validity• Criterion related validity – Predictive &
concurrent validity• Construct validity• Factorial validityThe error of Estimate - Correlation coeficient
Norms
• Freeman defines a norm as norm in measurement as the ‘average or standard score on a particular test made by a specified population.
• It is a device of transforming raw scores into standard scores in a group.
VARIABLES
• What is a Variable?
• Types of variables• IV & DV• Confounding variable• Quantitative & Categorical variable• Continuous & Discrete Variable
Sampling Design
• What is a sample ?• Universe – Population – Samples
• Systematic Sampling• Simple Random Sampling• Stratified Random Sampling• Purposive Sampling• Cluster Sampling• Convienence Sampling
LESSON- 5 RESEARCH DESIGNS
• RESEARCH – knowing – ‘what’ of a study
• Research Problem – The variables to be studied
• Formulate the Hypothesis to be tested• To test the Hypothesis research Design is
required.
RD
• Green etal (2008)defines Research Design as ‘the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed’.
• Purpose of RD• 1.Maximise the variance• 2.control extraneous variance• 3.minimize error varience
Important Elements of RD
• Introduction – Reserch Plan/Problem• Statement of Problem• Review of Literature• Scope of the study\Objectives of the
studyConceptual model• Hypotheses• Operational Def of Variables• Significance of the study• Sampling design/plan
• Tools• Analysis• Time budjet• Financial budjet
Classification of RD Research DesignExploraory RD conclusive RD
Descriptive Research Casual Research
cross sectional Design Longitudinal Design
Single cross sectional Design & Multiple cross sectional Design
Informal Research Design
• Exploratory Research Design• Secondary resource analyses• Comprehensive case method• Expert opinion survey• Focus group Discussions.