Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Primakoff Effect
d3!
d"3=# $
o%&&
8'Z2
m$
3
($
3E
&
4
Q4
Fe.m.
Q2
sin2)$
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
The Standard Model and Strings - Can They Be Connected?
• The standard model
• Testing the standard model
• Problems
• Beyond the standard model
• Where are we going?
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)
0 100 200 300M
!0
1
(GeV)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
|N15|2
(
Sin
gli
no
in
!0
1)
NMSSMnMSSMUMSSM
|N16
|2 in UMSSM
• The standard model
• Testing the standard model
• Problems
• Beyond the standard model
• New TeV physics suggestedby string constructions
• Where are we going?
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
The New Standard Model
• Standard model, supplemented with neutrino mass (Dirac orMajorana):
SU(3)!SU(2)!U(1)!classical relativity
• Mathematically consistent field theory of strong, weak,electromagnetic interactions
• Gauge interactions correct to first approximation to 10!16 cm
• Complicated, free parameters, fine tunings "must be new physics
WIN 05 (June 11, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
The Fundamental Forces
Strong Electromagnetic Weak Gravity
!
!
!
!
!0
pionn
n
p
p
! " ! " ! "# $ # $ # $!
!
!
!
G
gluonu
u
d
d%&%&%&'('('(!
!
!
!
"
photon
p
p
e!
e!
! " ! " ! "# $ # $ # $!
!
""
""
""
! #W !
IVB
#ee!
n
p
%&%&%&'('('(!
!
!
!
g
graviton
(spin 2)
V = g2!
e!m!r
re2r g2e!MW r
rGN
m1m2r
strength: g2!
4! "14 $ = e24! " 1
137g2E2
M2W
" 10!11
(E = 1 MeV)
GNm1m2"10!38
(m1=m2=1 GeV)
range: hm!c "
10!13 cm # 1 fm
$ hMW c " 10!16 cm $
Introductory slides Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Unification of Forces
Strong Electromagnetic Weak Gravity
hadrons: p, n;pions: !±, !0;(QCD: quarks,gluons)
charged particles:e!, µ!, "!;p; !±
p, n, !; e, µ, " ;,neutrinos:#e, #µ, #"
all particles (alwaysattractive)
nuclear binding;energy in stars
atoms, crystals,molecules; light;chemical energy
decays: n "pe!#e; elementsynthesis
weight; binding ofsolar system, stars,galaxies
# E + B "(Maxwell)
# QCD "# Electroweak (SU(2)$U(1)) "
# Grand Unification (GUT)? "# Theory of Everything (superstring)? "
Introductory slides Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Gauge Theories
• Gauge symmetry requires existence of (apparently) massless spin-1(vector, gauge) bosons
• Interactions prescribed up to group, representations, gaugecoupling
• Analogous to QED (U(1)), but gauge self interactions for non-abelian groups
• Standard model: SU(3)!SU(2)!U(1)
• Application to strong (short range) " confinement
• Application to weak (short range) " spontaneous symmetrybreaking (Higgs or dynamical)
• Unique renormalizable field theory for spin-1
Introductory slides Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
The Standard Model
• Gauge group SU(3)!SU(2)!U(1); gauge couplings gs, g, g!
!ud
"
L
!ud
"
L
!ud
"
L
!!e
e"
"
L
uR uR uR !eR(?)dR dR dR e"
R
( L = left-handed, R = right-handed)
• SU(3): u " u " u, d " d " d (gluons)
• SU(2): uL " dL, !eL " e"L (W ±); phases (W 0)
• U(1): phases (B)
• Heavy families (c, s, !µ, µ"), (t, b, !τ , "")
Introductory slides Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
Modern theory of the strong interactions
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
9. Quantum chromodynamics 7
0.1 0.12 0.14
Average
Hadronic Jets
Polarized DIS
Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS)
! decays
Z width
Fragmentation
Spectroscopy (Lattice)
ep event shapes
Photo-production
" decay
e+e
- rates
#s(M
Z)
Figure 9.1: Summary of the value of !s(MZ) from various processes. The valuesshown indicate the process and the measured value of !s extrapolated to µ = MZ .The error shown is the total error including theoretical uncertainties. The averagequoted in this report which comes from these measurements is also shown. See textfor discussion of errors.
theoretical estimates. If the nonperturbative terms are omitted from the fit, the extractedvalue of !s(m! ) decreases by ! 0.02.
For !s(m! ) = 0.35 the perturbative series for R! is R! ! 3.058(1+0.112+0.064+0.036).The size (estimated error) of the nonperturbative term is 20% (7%) of the size of theorder !3
s term. The perturbation series is not very well convergent; if the order !3s term
is omitted, the extracted value of !s(m! ) increases by 0.05. The order !4s term has been
estimated [47] and attempts made to resum the entire series [48,49]. These estimates canbe used to obtain an estimate of the errors due to these unknown terms [50,51]. Anotherapproach to estimating this !4
s term gives a contribution that is slightly larger than the!3
s term [52].R! can be extracted from the semi-leptonic branching ratio from the relation
R! = 1/(B(" " e##) # 1.97256); where B(" " e##) is measured directly or extractedfrom the lifetime, the muon mass, and the muon lifetime assuming universality of lepton
December 20, 2005 11:23
18 9. Quantum chromodynamics
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
1 10 102
µ GeV
!s(µ
)
Figure 9.2: Summary of the values of !s(µ) at the values of µ where they aremeasured. The lines show the central values and the ±1" limits of our average.The figure clearly shows the decrease in !s(µ) with increasing µ. The data are,in increasing order of µ, # width, $ decays, deep inelastic scattering, e+e! eventshapes at 22 GeV from the JADE data, shapes at TRISTAN at 58 GeV, Z width,and e+e! event shapes at 135 and 189 GeV.
The value of !s at any scale corresponding to our average can be obtainedfrom http://www-theory.lbl.gov/!ianh/alpha/alpha.html which uses Eq. (9.5) tointerpolate.
References:1. R.K. Ellis et al., “QCD and Collider Physics” (Cambridge 1996).2. For reviews see, for example, A.S. Kronfeld and P.B. Mackenzie, Ann. Rev. Nucl.
and Part. Sci. 43, 793 (1993);H. Wittig, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A12, 4477 (1997).
3. For example see, P. Gambino, International Conference on Lepton PhotonInteractions, Fermilab, USA, (2003); J. Butterworth International Conference onLepton Photon Interactions, Upsala, Sweden, (2005).
December 20, 2005 11:23
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quantum Electrodynamics
Experiment Value of !!1 Di!erence from !!1(ae)
Deviation from gyromagnetic 137.035 999 58 (52) [3.8 " 10!9] –
ratio, ae = (g ! 2)/2 for e!
ac Josephson e!ect 137.035 988 0 (51) [3.7 " 10!8] (0.116 ± 0.051) " 10!4
h/mn (mn is the neutron mass) 137.036 011 9 (51) [3.7 " 10!8] (!0.123 ± 0.051) " 10!4
from n beam
Hyperfine structure in 137.035 993 2 (83) [6.0 " 10!8] (0.064 ± 0.083) " 10!4
muonium, µ+e!
Cesium D1 line 137.035 992 4 (41) [3.0 " 10!8] (0.072 ± 0.041) " 10!4
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quantum Electrodynamics
Experiment Value of !!1 Di!erence from !!1(ae)
Deviation from gyromagnetic 137.035 999 58 (52) [3.8 " 10!9] –
ratio, ae = (g ! 2)/2 for e!
ac Josephson e!ect 137.035 988 0 (51) [3.7 " 10!8] (0.116 ± 0.051) " 10!4
h/mn (mn is the neutron mass) 137.036 011 9 (51) [3.7 " 10!8] (!0.123 ± 0.051) " 10!4
from n beam
Hyperfine structure in 137.035 993 2 (83) [6.0 " 10!8] (0.064 ± 0.083) " 10!4
muonium, µ+e!
Cesium D1 line 137.035 992 4 (41) [3.0 " 10!8] (0.072 ± 0.041) " 10!4
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
The Electroweak Theory
• QED and weak charged currentunified
• Weak neutral current (Z) predicted(!N!!X, atomic parity violation)
• Stringent tests of wnc, Z-pole andbeyond
• Fermion gauge and gauge selfinteractions
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Measurement Fit |Omeas
!Ofit|/"
meas
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
#$had
(mZ)#$
(5)0.02758 ± 0.00035 0.02767
mZ [GeV]m
Z [GeV] 91.1875 ± 0.0021 91.1874
%Z [GeV]%
Z [GeV] 2.4952 ± 0.0023 2.4959
"had
[nb]"0
41.540 ± 0.037 41.478
Rl
Rl
20.767 ± 0.025 20.742
Afb
A0,l
0.01714 ± 0.00095 0.01643
Al(P
&)A
l(P
&) 0.1465 ± 0.0032 0.1480
Rb
Rb
0.21629 ± 0.00066 0.21579
Rc
Rc
0.1721 ± 0.0030 0.1723
Afb
A0,b
0.0992 ± 0.0016 0.1038
Afb
A0,c
0.0707 ± 0.0035 0.0742
Ab
Ab
0.923 ± 0.020 0.935
Ac
Ac
0.670 ± 0.027 0.668
Al(SLD)Al(SLD) 0.1513 ± 0.0021 0.1480
sin2'
effsin
2'
lept(Q
fb) 0.2324 ± 0.0012 0.2314
mW
[GeV]mW
[GeV] 80.410 ± 0.032 80.377
%W
[GeV]%W
[GeV] 2.123 ± 0.067 2.092
mt [GeV]mt [GeV] 172.7 ± 2.9 173.3
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• SM correct and unique to zerothapprox. (gauge principle, group,representations)
• SM correct at loop level (renormgauge theory; mt, !s, MH)
• TeV physics severely constrained(unification vs compositeness)
• Consistent with light elementaryHiggs
• Precise gauge couplings (gaugeunification)
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10030 300
mH [GeV]
!"
2
Excluded
!#had
=!#(5)
0.02758±0.00035
0.02749±0.00012
incl. low Q2 data
Theory uncertainty
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Problems with the Standard Model
Lagrangian after symmetry breaking:
L = Lgauge + LHiggs +!
i
!i
"i !" " mi "
miH
#
#!i
"g
2#
2
$Jµ
W W !µ + Jµ†
W W +µ
%" eJµ
QAµ "g
2 cos $WJµ
ZZµ
Standard model: SU(2)$U(1) (extended to include # masses) +QCD + general relativity
Mathematically consistent, renormalizable theory
Correct to 10!16 cm
Physics at LHC (July 16, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
However, too much arbitrariness and fine-tuning: O(27) parameters(+ 2 for Majorana !) and electric charges
• Gauge Problem
– complicated gauge group with 3 couplings
– charge quantization (|qe| = |qp|) unexplained– Possible solutions: strings; grand unification; magnetic
monopoles (partial); anomaly constraints (partial)
• Fermion problem
– Fermion masses, mixings, families unexplained– Neutrino masses, nature? Probe of Planck/GUT scale?– CP violation inadequate to explain baryon asymmetry– Possible solutions: strings; brane worlds; family symmetries;
compositeness; radiative hierarchies. New sources of CPviolation.
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Higgs/hierarchy problem
– Expect M2H = O(M2
W )– higher order corrections:
!M2H/M2
W ! 1034
Possible solutions: supersymmetry; dynamical symmetry breaking;large extra dimensions; Little Higgs; anthropically motivated fine-tuning (split supersymmetry) (landscape)
• Strong CP problem
– Can add !32"2g
2sF F to QCD (breaks, P, T, CP)
– dN " " < 10!9, but !"|weak ! 10!3
– Possible solutions: spontaneously broken global U(1) (Peccei-Quinn) " axion; unbroken global U(1) (massless u quark);spontaneously broken CP + other symmetries
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Graviton problem
– gravity not unified
– quantum gravity not renormalizable
– cosmological constant: !SSB = 8!GN!V " > 1050!obs(10124 for GUTs, strings)
Possible solutions:
– supergravity and Kaluza Klein unify– strings yield finite gravity.– !? Anthropically motivated fine-tuning (landscape)?
22nd Henry Primakoff Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Beyond the Standard Model
• The Whimper: A new layer at the TeV scale
• The Hybrid: low fundamental scale/large extra dimensions
• The Bang: unification at the Planck scale, MP = G!1/2N ! 1019
GeV
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Compositeness
• Onion-like layers
• Composite fermions, scalars (dynamical sym. breaking)
• Not like to atom ! nucleus +e! ! p + n ! quark
• Other new TeV layer: Little Higgs
• At most one more layer accessible (Tevatron, LHC, ILC)
• Rare decays (e.g., K ! µe)
• Typically, few % e!ects at LEP/SLC, WNC (challenge for models)
• anomalous V V V , new particles, future WW ! WW , FCNC,EDM
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Large extra dimensions (deconstruction, brane worlds)
• Can be motivated by strings, butnew dimensions much larger thanM!1
P ∼ 10!33 cm
• Fundamental scale MF ∼1 − 100 TeV # MP l =1/
√8πGN ∼ 2.4 × 1018 GeV
– Assume δ extra dimensionswith volume V! & M!!
F
M2P l = M2+!
F V! & M2F
(Introduces new hierarchy problem)
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Black holes, graviton emission atcolliders!
• Macroscopic gravity e!ects
• Astrophysics
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Particle Physics Probes Of Extra Spacetime Dimensions 29
Figure 7: 95% confidence level upper limits on the strength ! (relative to Newtonian gravity)as a function of the range " of additional Yukawa interactions. The region excluded by previousexperiments (55,56,61) lies above the curves labeled Irvine, Moscow and Lamoreaux, respectively.The most recent results (60) correspond to the curves labeled Eot-Wash. The heavy dashed line isthe result from Ref. (60), the heavy solid line shows the most recent analysis that uses the totaldata sample.
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Unification
• Unification of interactions
• Grand desert to unification (GUT) or Planck scale
• Elementary Higgs, supersymmetry (SUSY), GUTs, strings
• Possibility of probing to MP and very early universe
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Supersymmetry
• Fermion ! boson symmetry
• Motivations
– stabilize weak scale " MSUSY < O(1 TeV)(but recent high scale ideas)
– supergravity (gauged supersymmetry): unification of gravity(non-renormalizable)
– coupling constants in supersymmetric grand unification
– decoupling of heavy particles (precision)
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
mt [GeV]
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
MH [
Ge
V]
excluded
all data (90% CL)
!", #
had, R
l, R
q
asymmetries
low-energy
MW
mt
• Consequences
– additional charged and neutral Higgs particles
– M2H0 < cos2 2!M2
Z+ H.O.T. (O(m4t)) < (150
GeV)2, consistent with LEP
! cf., standard model: MH0 < 1000 GeV
• Simplest version: supersymmetric contribution toHiggs mass must be of O(100) GeV (not 1019)(µ problem)
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Consequences
– additional charged and neutralHiggs particles
– M2H0 < cos2 2!M2
Z+ H.O.T.(O(m4
t)) < (150 GeV)2,consistent with LEP
! cf., standard model: MH0 <1000 GeV
• Simplest version: supersymmetriccontribution to Higgs mass mustbe of O(100) GeV (not 1019)(µ problem)
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Superpartners
– q ! q, scalar quark
– ! ! !, scalar lepton
– W ! w, wino
– typical scale: several hundredGeV
– LSP: cold dark mattercandidate
– SUSY breaking " large mt
– May be large FCNC, EDM,!(gµ # 2)
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
m [GeV]
lR
lL!l
"1
"2
#0
1
#0
2
#0
3
#0
4
#±1
#±2
uL, dRuR, dL
g
t1
t2
b1
b2
h0
H0, A0 H±
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Grand Unification
• Unify strong SU(3) andelectroweak SU(2)!U(1)in simple group, broken at" 1016 GeV
• Gauge unification (only insupersymmetric version)
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
0 5 10 15 20log
10 µ (GeV)
010
20
30
40
50
60
!i-1
!1
-1
!2
-1
!3
-1
!1
-1
!2
-1
!3
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20log
10 µ (GeV)
020
40
60
80
100
!i-1
Standard Model
Supersymmetric Standard Model
MSUSY
= MZ
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Seesaw model for small m! (but
why are mixings large?)
• Quark-lepton (q ! l) unification(! charge quantization)
• q ! l mass relations (work only for
third family in simplest versions)
• Proton decay? (simplest versions
excluded)
• Doublet-triplet problem?
• String embedding? (breaking,
families may be entangled in extra
dimensions)
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
1636
mode exposure !Bm observed B.G. (ktï yr) (%) event
p " e+ + #
092 40 0 0.2 54
p " µ+ + #
092 32 0 0.2 43
p " e+ + $ 92 17 0 0.2 23
p " µ+ + $ 92 9 0 0.2 13
n " %__
+ $ 45 21 5 9 5.6p " e
+ + & 92 4.2 0 0.4 5.6
p " e+ + ' 92 2.9 0 0.5 3.8
p " e+ + ( 92 73 0 0.1 98
p " µ+ + ( 92 61 0 0.2 82
p " %__
+ K+
92 22K
+"%µ
+ (spectrum) 34 -- -- 4.2
prompt ( + µ+
8.6 0 0.7 11K
+"#
+#
0 6.0 0 0.6 7.9
n " %__
+ K0
92 2.0K
0"#
0#
0 6.9 14 19.2 3.0
K0"#
+#
- 5.5 20 11.2 0.8
p " e+ + K
092 10.7
K0"#
0#
0 9.2 1 1.1 8.7
K0"#
+#
-
2-ring 7.9 5 3.6 4.0 3-ring 1.3 0 0.1 1.7
p " µ+ + K
092 13.9
K0"#
0#
0 5.4 0 0.4 7.1
K0"#
+#
-
2-ring 7.0 3 3.2 4.9 3-ring 2.8 0 0.3 3.7
1031
1032
1033
1034
p " e+ #
0
e+ $
e+ '
e+ &
0
e+ K
0
µ+ #
0
µ+ $
µ+ '
µ+ &
0
µ+ K
0
%__
#+
%__
&+
%__
K+
n " e+ #
-
e+ &
-
µ+ #
-
µ+ &
-
%__
#0
%__
$%__
'%__
&0
%__
K0
lifetime limit (years)
KAMIMB3SK
Soudan2
Fig. 1. The obtained lifet ime limit of nucleons from SK–I (left figure) and their
comparisons with other experiments (right figure).
6. References
1. J. Ellis et al., Nucl. Phys. B202, 43 (1982)
2. Y.Fukuda et al., Phys. Rev. Let t . 81, 1562 (1998)
3. Y.Fukuda et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A501, 418 (2003)
4. H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. Let t . 32, 438 (1974)
5. Y. Hayato et al., Phys. Rev. Let t . 83, 1529 (1999)
6. Jogesh C. Pat i and Abdus Salam, Phys. Rev. Let t . 31, 661 (1973)
7. For example, Jogesh C. Pat i, hep-ph/ 0005095.
8. N. Sakai and T. Yanagida, Nucl. Phys. B197, 533 (1982)
9. M. Shiozawa et al., Phys. Rev. Let t . 81, 3319 (1998)
10. M. Shiozawa, PhD thesis, University of Tokyo (1999)
11. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D26, 287 (1982)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Superstrings
• Finite, “parameter-free” “theoryof everything” (TOE), includingquantum gravity
– 1-d string-like object
– Appears pointlike for resolution> M!1
P ! 10!33 cm
– Vibrational modes " particles
– Consistent in 10 space-time dimensions " 6 mustcompactify to scale M!1
P
– 4-dim supersymmetric gaugetheory below MP
– May also be solitons (branes),terminating open strings
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
• Gauge interactions from strings beginning/ending on stack ofparallel branes (one for each group factor) !moduli-dependent gaugecouplings and no simple unification unless SU(5) stack
• Chiral matter: strings at intersection of branes, e.g.,SU(N)"SU(M)! bifundamental (N, M)
!"#$!"#$
%&
%!
Intersecting Brane Worlds – A Path to the Standard Model? 5
a
b
Gauge bosons in adj.
Chiral matter in (N, M)
The open string spectrum on these intersecting branes contains the following fields [52]:
(i) N = 4 gauge bosons in adjoint representation of U(N) ! U(M).
(ii) Massless fermions in the chiral (N, M) representation.
(iii) In general massive scalar fields, again in the (N, M) representation.
The latter two fields originate from open strings stretching from one stack of Dp-
branes to the other one. Since the scalar fields are in general massive, such a
intersecting D-brane configurations generically breaks all space-time supersymmetries.This supersymmetry breaking manifests itself as the a massive/tachyonic scalar ground
state with mass:
M2ab =
1
2
!
I
!"Iab " max{!"I
ab} . (4)
("Iab is the angle between stacks a and b in some spatial plane I.) Only if the
intersection angles take very special values, some of the scalars become massless, and
some part of space-time supersymmetry gets restored. Specifically consider two special
flat supersymmetric D6-brane configurations, as shown in the following figure:
x x
4
5
6
7
8
9
"1
"2"3
Supersymmetry now gets restored for the following choice of angles:
• 2 D6-branes, with common world volume in the 123-directions, being parallel in
the 4-5, 6-7 and 8-9 planes:
1/2 BPS (N = 4 SUSY): "1 = "2 = "3 = 0 .
• 2 intersecting D6-branes, with common world volume in the 123-directions, and
which intersect in 4-5 and 6-7 planes, being parallel in 8-9 plane:
PHENO 2005 (May 4, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
The E8!E8 Heterotic String
• E8!E8"G # SU(3)!SU(2)!U(1)by compactification, background gaugefields (Wilson lines)
• Usually G = SU(3)!SU(2)!U(1)n
rather than GUT
• For G = GUT, hard to obtain adjointsand high dimensional representations
• Existing models: additional gauge factors, Higgs, chiral matter
• Gauge unification, but often non-canonical Kac-Moody level,especially for U(1), and additional Higgs/exotics (Compensation?)
PHENO 2005 (May 4, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Problems
– Which type? Dualities
– Which compactification manifold?
– Relation to supersymmetric standard model, GUT?
– Supersymmetry breaking? Scale? Cosmological constant?
– Many moduli (vacua). Landscape ideas - any predictability left?(TOE !TOA?)
• The great debate: is our physics environmental or selected?
– Small cosmological constant, weak scale appear needed for life
– Physics depends on location in multiverse? i.e., O(10500) vacuaof landscape continually sampled by pockets of eternally inflatingmultiverse!
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Remnant Physics from the Top-Down
• Z! or other gauge
• Extended Higgs/neutralino (doublet, singlet)
• Quasi-Chiral Exotics
• Charge 1/2 (Confinement?, Stable relic?)
• Quasi-hidden (Strong coupling? SUSY breaking? Composite family?)
• Time varying couplings
• LED (TeV black holes, stringy resonances)
• LIV, VEP (e.g., maximum speeds, decays, (oscillations) of HE !, e, gravity
waves ("’s))
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
A TeV-Scale Z!
• Strings, grand unified theories, dynamical symmetry breaking, littleHiggs, large extra dimensions often involve extra Z!
• Typically MZ! > 600 ! 900 GeV(Tevatron, LEP 2, WNC), |!Z"Z!| <few " 10"3 (Z-pole)
• Discovery to MZ! # 5 ! 8 TeVat LHC, LC, (pp$e+e", µ+µ", qq)(depends on couplings, exotics, sparticles)
• Diagnostics to 1-2 TeV(asymmetries, y distributions,associated production, rare decays)
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)
!0.01 !0.005 0 0.005 0.010
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
sin θ
X
MZ [GeV]
05
CDF excluded
Zχ
1oo
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
0 100 200 300M
!0
1
(GeV)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
|N15|2
(
Sin
gli
no i
n !0
1)
NMSSMnMSSMUMSSM
|N16
|2 in UMSSM
Implications of a TeV-scale Z!
• Natural Solution to µ problem: supersymmetric contribution toHiggs mass tied to Z! mass
• Extended Higgs/neutralino sectors(typical in strings, even w.o. Z!)
– Complicatedspectra/decays/cascadesat colliders
– Enhanced possibilities forelectroweak baryogenesis
– Enhanced possibilities forcold dark matter
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Future/present Experiments
• High energy colliders: the primary tool
– TEVATRON; Fermilab, 1.96 TeV pp, exploration
– Large Hadron Collider (LHC); CERN, 14 TeV pp, high luminosity,discovery (Discovery machine for supersymmetry, Rp violation, string
remnants (e.g., Z′, exotics, Higgs); or compositeness, dynamical symmetry
breaking, Higgless theories, Little Higgs, large extra dimensions, · · ·)
– International Linear Collider (ILC), in planning;500 GeV-1 TeV e+e−, cold technology, high precision studies(Precision parameters to map back to string scale, e.g., SUSY breaking
mechanism)
• CP violation (B decays, electric dipole moments), flavor changing neutralcurrents (e.g., µ→e!, µN→eN, B→"Ks), neutrino physics
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Neutrinos as a Unique Probe: 10!33 ! 10+28 cm
• Particle Physics
– !N, µN, eN scattering: existence/ properties of quarks, QCD
– Weak decays (n " pe!!e, µ! " e!!µ!e): Fermi theory, parityviolation, mixing
– Neutral current, Z-pole, atomic parity: electroweak unification,field theory, mt; severe constraint on physics to TeV scale
– Neutrino mass: constraint on TeV physics, grand unification,superstrings, extra dimensions; seesaw: m! # m2
q/MGUT
Xalapa (August, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Solar/atmosphericneutrino experiments
– Neutrinos have tinymasses (but largemixings)
– Standard Solar modelconfirmed
– First oscillation dipsobserved! (QM onlarge scale)
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
1 10 102 103 104 00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8
1 10 102 103 104
L/E (km/GeV)
Data
/Pre
dict
ion
(nul
l osc
.)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
3 ! Patterns
– Solar: LMA (SNO,KamLAND)
– !m2! ! 8"10"5 eV2,
nonmaximal
– Atmospheric:|!m2
Atm| ! 2"10"3
eV2, near-maximal mixing
– Reactor: Ue3 small
Cl
Ga
!µ"!#
!e"!X
100
10–3
$m2 [e
V2 ]
10–12
10–9
10–6
10210010–210–4
tan2%
SuperKCHOOZ
Bugey
LSND
CHORUSNOMAD
CHORUS
KA
RM
EN
2
PaloVerde
!e"!#
NOMAD
!e"!µ
CDHSW
NOMAD
BNL E776
K2K
KamLAND
SNOSuper-K
Super-K+SNO+KamLAND
http://hitoshi.berkeley.edu/neutrino
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
12
3
3
12
normal inverted
!
!
!"#$
!L
h
NR
v = !""
mD = hv
Dirac
!
!
""##
##""
!L
!cR
$
!
""##
##""
!L
!L
Majorana
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Neutrino Implications/questions
• Key constituent of the Universe
• Why are the masses so small?
– Planck/GUT scale? e.g., seesawor generalization, m! ! m2
D/MN
(may not be generic in strings)
• Are the neutrinos Dirac orMajorana?
– No SM gauge symmetry forbidsMajorana (but string, extended?)
– Neutrinoless double beta decay(!!0!) (inverted or degeneratespectra)
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
12
3
3
12
normal inverted
!
!
!"#$
!L
h
NR
v = !""
mD = hv
Dirac
!
!
""##
##""
!L
!cR
$
!
""##
##""
!L
!L
Majorana
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
degenerate
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
• What is the spectrum: number,mass scale/pattern, mixings
– Scale: ! decay (KATRIN), !!0!,large scale structure (SDSS)
– Mixings and CP: reactor, longbaseline oscillation experiments,Solar
– Pattern: long baseline, !!0!,supernova
– Number: LSND? MiniBooNE
• Leptogenesis?
• Relic neutrinos?
– Indirect: Nucleosynthesis, largescale structure. Direct? (Z-burst?)
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
NR NR
!L !L
mD mD
MN
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 1
The Minimal Seesaw Model?
• Very simple from bottom up: m! ! m2D/MN
• Recent study of Z3 heterotic orbifold (Giedt,
Kane, PL, Nelson)
• Systematically studied large class of vacua
– Is minimal seesaw common?
– If rare, guidance to model building?
– Clues to textures, etc.
• None had simultaneous Dirac and Majorana masses needed forminimal seesaw
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Property of class of vacua?
• Insist on rare seesaw-type vacua?
• Anthropic motivations for small neutrino masses? (nucleosynthesis,
galaxy formation, type II supernovae)
• Alternatives? (Small Dirac by high-dimensional operators? Extended seesaw?
Higgs triplet in higher level embedding !inverted hierarchy (B. Nelson, PL)?)
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
The Universe
• The concordance
– 5% matter (including darkbaryons): CMB, BBN, Lyman !
– 25% dark matter (galaxies,clusters, CMB, lensing)
– 70% dark energy (Acceleration(Supernovae), CMB (WMAP))
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Perlmutter, Physics Today (2003)
Expansion History of the Universe
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
–20 –10 0
Billions Years from Today
10
0.05 today futurepast
Sca
le o
f the
Uni
vers
eR
elat
ive
to T
oday
's S
cale
After inflation,the expansion either...
collapsesexp
ands
forever
10.1
0.01
0.00
1
0.00
01relativebrightness
reds
hift
0
0.25
0.50.75
1
1.5
2.52
3
...or
alw
ays
dece
lera
ted
fir
st decelerated, th
en accelerated
• What is the dark matter?
– Lightest neutralino insupersymmetry (if R parityconserved)? Axion?
– Direct searches: LHC, ILC;cold dark matter searches; highenergy annihilation !’s
– Gravitation lensing (SNAP),CMB (Planck)
• What is the dark energy?
– Vacuum energy (cosmological constant);time varying field (quintessence)?
– High precision supernova survey (SNAP);CMB (Planck)
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• What is the dark matter?
– Lightest neutralino insupersymmetry (if R parityconserved)? Axion?
– Direct searches: LHC, ILC;cold dark matter searches; highenergy annihilation !’s
– Axion searches (resonantcavities)
– Galaxy surveys (SDSS)
– Gravitation lensing (SNAP),CMB (Planck)
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)
!"#$%#&''%()*+,-./
012''!'*-3425%(-6
./%75216&849*:%32%3;*%5<-8*25=
0>#?%7)*=%-26@45*:
0>#?%7)*=%.!A2B*1C*D845!"
0>#?%7?4=
E:*8B*4''%.FFG
>H#H%IJJK
L IF LF IFF LFFIF
!MG
IF!M.
IF!MI
IF!MF
IF!GJ
IF!GN
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
broken phase
becomes our world
unbroken phase
vWall
= 0φ
>> H
0CP CP_~ΓB + L
Sph
ΓB + L
Sph
q_q
_
q_q
_
• Why is there matter and notantimatter?
– nB/n! ! 10!10, nB ! 0
– Electroweak baryogenesis(extensions of MSSM)? Leptogenesis?Decay of heavy fields? CPTviolation?
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
• Why is there matter and notantimatter?
– nB/n! ! 10!10, nB ! 0– Electroweak baryogenesis?
Leptogenesis? Decay of heavyfields? CPT violation?
• The very beginning (inflation)
– Relation to particle physics, strings, !?
– CMB (Planck); gravity waves (LISA)
NYS APS (October 15, 2004) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Second extreme example: time varying couplings and parameters
(Murphy et al, astro-ph/0209488)
TASI (June 5, 2003) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Far-Out Stu!
• LIV, VEP (e.g., maximum speeds, decays, (oscillations) of HE !, e, gravity
waves ("’s))
• LED, TeV black holes
• Time varying couplings
Yoichiro Nambu Symposium (April 21, 2005) Paul Langacker (Penn)
Quasi-Chiral Exotics
(J. Kang, PL, B. Nelson, in progress)
• Exotic fermions (anomaly-cancellation)
• Examples in 27-plet of E6
– DL + DR (SU(2) singlets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
–
!E0
E"
"
L
+
!E0
E"
"
R
(SU(2) doublets, chiral wrt U(1)!)
• Pair produce D + D by QCD processes (smaller rate for exotic leptons)
• Lightest may decay by mixing; by diquark or leptoquark coupling;or be quasi-stable
22nd Henry Primako! Lecture Paul Langacker (3/1/2006)
Conclusions
• The standard model is the correct description of fermions/gaugebosons down to ! 10!16 cm ! 1
1 TeV
• Standard model is complicated " must be new physics
• Precision tests severely constrain new TeV-scale physics
• Promising theoretical ideas at Planck scale
• Promising experimental program at colliders, accelerators, lowenergy, cosmology
• Challenge to make contact between theory and experiment
• Semi-realistic string constructions suggest extended gauge, Higgs,neutralino, fermion sectors
Chicago (12/1/2005) Paul Langacker (FNAL/Penn/IAS)