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PUBLICATION ETHICS AS A
MANIFESTATION OF
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Alfred Allan
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AIM
Provide a backdrop for other papers
Where do they fit in
With reference to the underlying
principles
Only an overview
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DISCLAIMER
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PUBLICATION ETHICS
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Not unique and esoteric
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Based on same principles as
professional ethics
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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
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Stable, though incomplete set of norms
widely shared by members of the
profession (Beauchamp & Childress)
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General agreement, not necessarily
consensus
Could be implicit
Increasingly in writing
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But codes only represent part of
professional ethics
Underlying principles are important
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HEALTH & SOCIAL SCIENCES
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KANT (1724-1804)
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Humans as rational beings
Capable of making moral decisions
Right and wrong
Unique ability
Give them an inner worth (dignity)
Must respect this dignity of people
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Implication is that
we must respect all persons
irrespective of how we judge them
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PRINCIPLES
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Eight - arbitrary
Nomenclature can differ
Not mutually exclusive
Prima facie equal weight
Can be in conflict
Best balance
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HUMANITY
FIDELITY
AUTONOMY
RESPONSIBILITY
INTEGRITY
BENEFICENCE
NON-MALEFICENCE
JUSTICE
19
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RESPONSIBILITY
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About accountability to others
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All publication role players are
accountable to
greater society and
discipline or profession
to advance the knowledge in the field by
making knowledge available
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But, this may be trumped by one of
other principles
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AUTONOMY
We must respect people’s right to make
decisions about things that are of
importance to them
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Ensure that all participants and role
players maKe informed, free and
voluntary decisions
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Anonymous use of information
legitimately obtained by a forensic
psychiatrist (Kapoor et al.)
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RESPECT FOR HUMANITY
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Respect for dignity and rights of people
Two elements
Dignity
Rights (moral and legal)
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Rights
Prisoner’s life story
Intellectual property
Plagiarism*
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Dignity
Respect dignity of people irrespective
of how we judge them
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Humiliate
Defame or insult
Pejorative language
Insulting and intemperate
» Debate is good
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Privacy
Right to be left alone
Confidentiality
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» Hematologist writing about a
person’s platelets
» Forensic psychiatrist writing
about mental status of a person
who murdered another in a
notorious case
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Subtle disrespect*
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Manner in which we interact with
others
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Manners
Acknowledging others
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Punctuality
» Responding promptly
» Keeping people informed
» Providing speedy feedback
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INTEGRITY
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Simple honesty
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Examples mentioned above
Plagiarism
Fraudulent research
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http://www.theworld.org/2011/11/dutch-scientist-diederik-stapel-faked-data/
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Preliminary report
Several dozens fraudulent papers
Science of 2 April 2011
Facing fraud charges
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Authors
“Is this material worth publishing?”
(Walter & Bloch, 2001, p. 33)
Conflict of interests: Neville
Nature of submission: Richard
Authorship
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Overlaps with
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JUSTICE
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Fairness
No unjustified discrimination or
favouritism
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Procedural justice
Fairness in decision making
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Requires
Take into account all relevant
information
Consider relevant information only
Open minded – open to persuasion
Unbiased
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» Actual and perceived bias
» Perceptions are important
» What would an independent,
reasonable and informed
observer think?
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Reviewers
Blind peer review
Does not necessarily remove risk*
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Unconscious
Theoretical orientation
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FIDELITY
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Where there is a power imbalance
Those with less power (trusters)
Must trust that those in power
(trustees) will act
Competently
In their best interests
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Trustees must therefore
Be trustworthy
Act in the best interests of trusters,
even if to their own detriment
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Editors are in powerful positions
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Must therefore not
Exploit their position
Create a risk of exploitation
Create impression there may have
been exploitation
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A partner’s paper
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Must appoint competent reviewers
Ensure that they do a competent
review*
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NONMALEFICENCE
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Do no harm
Not intentionally or negligently
Refrain from engaging in behaviour
where there is a reasonably foreseeable
risk of harm
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How can we harm?
Careers
Reputations
Self-confidence
Health
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Breuning, S. E., Davis, V. J., Matson, J.
L., & Ferguson, D. G. (1982). Effects of
thioridazine and withdraw dyskinesias
on workshop performance of mentally
retarded young adults. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1447-1454.
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Often not malicious
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Potential of harm when, e.g.,
Reviewers exceed their competence
Editors are overburdened
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BENEFICENCE
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Do good
Anticipate and neutralise factors that
may cause harm even when there is no
legal obligation
Constructive feedback
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CONCLUSION
Publication ethics
Is part and parcel of our publication
activities
Same principles as those that
underlies professional ethics
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Every role player has different ethical
duties
Often requires finding the right balance
between conflicting principles
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THANK YOU