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Psychoactivity and Dependence
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Psychoactive Drug
• A chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior
Three common psychoactive drugs:– Caffeine– Alcohol– Nicotine
Induce an altered state of consciousness.
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Common Properties of Addiction
• Physical dependence
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Drug rebound effect
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Drug Abuse
• Recurrent drug use that results in disruption of academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems
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Dependence
• A state of physiological and/or psychological need to take more of a substance after continued use.
• Withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued.
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Tolerance
• Reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to increase the dosage to achieve effects previously obtained by lower doses of the drug.
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Tolerance
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Withdrawal
• The discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of the drug
• Withdrawal symptoms are usually the opposite of the drug’s effects – Drug Rebound Effect.
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Why do people abuse drugs?Biopsychosocial Theory
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Drugs and NeurotransmissionA quick review:• The process whereby neurons
communicate with each other
• Neurotransmission, especially in the brain and spinal cord, helps explain the effects of psychoactive drugs.
• Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neurotransmission.
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Neurotransmitters
• Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between neurons
• When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, setting up the next link in the chain of communication.
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Synapse
• The junction between the tip of the sending neuron and the receptor sites on the receiving neuron
• Call the synaptic gap or cleft
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Neural Activity
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Neurotransmitters and the Synapse
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Reuptake
• Process where the unused neurotransmitter chemical is reabsorbed by the sending neuron
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Psychoactive Drugs & Synapses• Psychoactive drugs affect synapses
and neurotransmitters in three ways:
–Binding with receptor sites (mimics)*
–Blocking receptor site
–Blocking neurotransmitters’ reuptake*
* Increase the likelihood of the receiving neuron firing
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Four Psychoactive Drug Categories• Four different categories we will study:
1. Depressants – depress, inhibit brain activity
2. Opiates – Similar to morphine, produce feelings of euphoria & reduce pain
3. Stimulants – excite brain activity
4. Psychedelic/Hallucinogens/Marijuana – distort sensory perceptions.
– Designer “Club” Drugs – “fifth category” that includes variety of psychoactive drugs.
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Depressants
• Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functioning
• Includes alcohol and sedatives
• Alcohol—CNS depressant
• Barbiturates—induce sleep
• Tranquilizers—relieve anxiety
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Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
• Found in beer, wine, and liquor
• The second most used psychoactive drug (caffeine first)
• Slows thinking, and impairs physical activity
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Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)
• A measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream
• BAC of .08 considered legal intoxication in most states
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What do we mean by “one drink?”
One 12-ounce can of beer has about the same amount of alcohol as 4 ounces of wine or 1 ounce of whiskey
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Euphoric Affects of Alcohol
• Alcohol impairs the parts of the brain responsible for controlling inhibitions and making judgments
• Results in less self-control and sometimes more aggressive behavior.
• Also depends on environment and expectations.
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Alcohol, Memory, and Sleep• Studies have shown that alcohol impairs
memory by suppressing the processing of events into long term memory.
• Alcohol impairs REM sleep, further disrupting memory storage.
• Also impairs speech and physical functioning.
• Death can occur if the brain’s respiratory center can no longer function.
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Alcohol’s Affect on the Brain
Alcoholism shrinks the brain
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Sedatives
• Drugs that reduce anxiety or induce sleep
• Also called tranquilizers
• Include barbiturates and benzodiazepines
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Barbiturates
• Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system and thereby reduce anxiety
• Can be lethal in overdose and interact with other drugs, especially alcohol
• Impair both memory and judgment• Can create tolerance and physical & mental
dependence• Withdrawal can cause REM rebound
nightmares, hallucinations, disorientation and even life-threatening convulsions.
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Benzodiazepines/Tranquilizers
• Drugs that depress that activity of the central nervous system without most of the side effects associated with barbiturates
• Help to reduce anxiety
• Include Valium and Xanax
• Can create dependency
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Inhalants
• Chemicals that are inhaled to alter consciousness.
• Paint, glue, gasoline, nitrous oxide & aerosol sprays.
• Low doses may relax and reduce inhibition
• High doses can cause hallucinations and loss of consciousness.
• Toxic to the liver and other organs.
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Opiates/Narcotics
• Drugs that depress neural activity, temporarily lessen pain and anxiety and produce feelings of euphoria
• Include: opium, morphine, and heroin
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Endorphins
• Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
• Body’s natural pain killers
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Morphine
• Strong sedative and pain-relieving drug derived from opium
• Works by preventing pain neurons from firing or releasing pain-signaling neurotransmitters (Substance P) into the synapse
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Other Opiates
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
• Mimic the brain’s endorphins
• Heroin, methadone
• Percodan, Demerol
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Stimulants
• Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
• Include: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
• All are at least mildly addictive.
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Caffeine• Stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea,
and some soft drinks• Provides user with a sense of increased
energy, mental alertness, and forced wakefulness
• Blocks neurological receptor sites that if activated, sedate the central nervous system
• Withdrawal symptoms are sleepiness, fatigue, anxiety, insomnia, increased heart rate.
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Nicotine• Stimulant found in tobacco• Effects similar to those of caffeine –
reduces fatigue & drowsiness and increases mental alertness
• Affects various areas in the brain affecting mood, attention & arousal
• Very addictive and does not stay in the body very long
• See video clip on nicotine addiction.
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Cocaine• Stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant• Crack – cocaine crystals• Blocks the reuptake of certain
neurotransmitters• Dependency is quick and severe; places
extreme strain on cardiovascular system• Can cause cocaine psychosis – schizophrenia-
like symptoms including auditory hallucinations & paranoia, “cocaine bugs” or tactile hallucinations
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How Cocaine Works
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Amphetamines• Drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding
up body functions, with associated energy and mood changes
• Includes: speed, uppers, and methamphetamines
• Mimic adrenaline• Can cause irreversible changes in mood &
function by reducing dopamine receptors & transporters.
• Withdrawal causes fatigue, deep sleep, intense depression, increase in appetite.
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Hallucinogens/Psychedelic Drugs
• Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
• Include: LSD, Mescaline and Marijuana
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
• Powerful hallucinogenic drug
• Also known as “acid”
• The effects vary from person to person
• Users can be dangerous to themselves and others.
• Similar to neurotransmitter, serotonin.
• Flashbacks, psychotic reactions can occur.
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Marijuana• Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form the
hemp plant • When smoked, lower inhibitions and produce
feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria• THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the
active ingredient. Receptors in the brain for anandamide also accept THC
• Disrupts memory; lung damage from smoke• Withdrawal may cause insomnia, tremors and
decreased appetite.• Is helpful in decreasing nausea and reducing
effects of glaucoma.
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“Club” Drugs
• Ecstasy (MDMA)—feelings of euphoria, increased well-being.
• Side effects—dehydration, hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeat
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Ecstasy• Hallucinogenic drug that produces lower
inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others
• Also called MDMA• Blocks serotonin reuptake prolonging its “good”
feeling• Even moderate users may experience permanent
brain damage to serotonin nerve endings & even memory and verbal reasoning problems up to a year later.
• Dehydration, rapid heartbeat, tremors, muscle tension, teeth clenching & high body temp can result.
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Other “Club” Drugs:Dissociative Anesthetics
• Dissociative anesthetics—include PCP and Ketamine. • Deaden pain, produce stupor or coma, may induce
hallucinations• Create feelings of dissociation & depersonalization• PCP or angel dust, ketamine• Effects of “trips” differ for each person• Can result in hyperthermia (high body temp), convulsions &
death.• Affects neurotransmitter glutamate causing a release of more
dopamine in the brain.• Highly addictive.• Long term effects can be memory loss and depression.
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