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Psych 101 Chapter 5 1
Prologue to Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Life is made up of many kinds of
conscious awareness Who/what is perceiving this particular
stimulus here, now? When you say, “I am” what are you
referring to? Who is the “you?” What is the “you” you are talking about?
What is consciousness?
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 2
What is consciousness?What is consciousness?
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 3
Wide Awake: Normal waking consciousness Three varieties of normal waking consciousness
directed consciousness flowing consciousness daydreaming
Directed consciousness a focused and orderly “one tracked” awareness centered on a specific stimulus
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 4
Normal waking consciousness
Flowing consciousness a drifting, unfocused awareness your awareness (attention) moves at random
from attention to one stimulus to another Daydreams
focused and directed thinking, like directed consciousness, but these involve fantasies (and not stimuli immediately at hand)
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 5
Daydreams
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 6
Normal waking consciousness
Divided consciousness: Being two places (mentally) at the same time the process of “splitting off” two or more
conscious activities that occur simultaneously similar to “multi-tasking” that can be done by
computers for example: rub your head and pat your
stomach or divide 81 by 3 while saying the “Pledge of Allegiance”
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 7
Normal waking consciousness
The concept of the “Unconscious Mind” the notion of an unconscious mind helps to explain
mental processes that occur without conscious awareness
for example: when you forget something and then, hours later, suddenly remember it though you had not been consciously trying to remember it
the “Unconscious Mind” is a big part of the Psychoanalytic school of thought in psychology
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 8
Sleeping and dreaming: Consciousness while asleep Stages of sleep
involves passing from waking state into a semi-wakeful state, then into 4 stages of progressively deeper sleep
Hypnagogic State a twilight state that is neither daydreaming or
sleeping that occurs as you begin to fall asleep but are not yet sleeping
unusual things can happen in the hypnagogic state
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 9
Sleeping and dreaming
States of light and deep sleep 4 stages of sleep based on EEG measures of
brainwave activity during sleep that reveal different brain-wave patterns in sleep
Stage 1 sleep: shifting from beta-to-alpha wave brain activity patterns; the brain is slowing down
Stage 2 sleep: alpha-to-theta brain wave patterns; the brain is slowing further
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 10
Sleeping and dreaming
States of light and deep sleep Stage 3 sleep: theta-to-delta brain wave
patterns; the brain is slowing further Stage 4 sleep: delta wave brain patterns; the
brain is at its slowest Dream Sleep
Emergent sleep: the brain begins to move faster; returns to beta wave pattern of wakefulness though you are still asleep
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 11
Sleeping and dreaming
Dream Sleep Beta-wave brain activity is present and REM
(rapid eye movement) activity is present most people generally dream more than once
in a single night; virtually everyone dreams every night
The reoccuring sleep cycle moves from beta-alpha-theta-delta-beta in the course of about 1.5 hours
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 12
Sleeping and dreaming
The normal sleep required by individuals is 7.5 hours per night; a typical sleep cycle is about 1.5 hours long so the typical person has 4 to 5 sleep cycles occurring per sleep period
The normal person may have as much as 1 to 2 hours of dreaming every night
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 13
Sleeping and dreaming
Why do we sleep and dream? What good is it to sleep and dream anyway?
Isn’t it a waste of about 33% of your life? NO! Sleep and dreaming is important to maintain
normal psychological functioning Sleep deprivation studies show that going more
than 40 hours without sleep begins to tell by the appearance of forgetting, irritation, poor judgment, and other symptoms
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 14
Sleeping and dreaming
Extreme sleep deprivation studies of extreme sleep deprivation have
shown that at about 120 hours of sleep deprivation individuals will begin to behave in ways indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenics
these symptoms include: hostility, suspicion, paranoia, unpredictable behavior, halucinations and delusions
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 15
Sleeping and dreaming
What important thing happens in sleep? Studies on sleep and REM deprivation show
that it is the REM (dreaming state) of sleep that is the KEY reason why we sleep; sleeping without dreaming is not useful in the big picture
We do, like Shakespeare said, “sleep, perchance to dream…”
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 16
Sleeping and dreaming
The Content and Meaning of Dreams Freud’s view of dreams
Dreams have “manifest” content Dreams have “latent” content Dreams provide information from the unconscious
mind that a person can use to understand themselves
Dream interpretation We’ll do some dream interpretation now so you
can decide for yourself if Freud was right
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 17
What do dreams mean?What do dreams mean?
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 18
Sleeping and dreaming
Nightmares and other sleep phenomena Nightmares are exceptionally frightening
dreams they typically involve anxieties they often involve being chased, being late, or
falling they are typically dark and foreboding individuals may wake up after nightmares with a
sense of uneasiness
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 19
Nightmares
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 20
Sleeping and dreaming
Nightmares and other sleep phenomena Night Terrors
very frightening event typically in children where they scream out in the night and cannot be easily awakened by a concerned parent
typically these are outgrown as the child gets older they are not typically a “sign” of emotional
problems in the child; rather it is likely that they are due to cognitive physical immaturity
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 21
Sleeping and dreaming
Nightmares and other sleep phenomena Sleepwalking and sleeptalking
typically occur in Stage 4 sleep (not in REM sleep) about 15% of the population has experienced these
phenomena the sleeper should be protected from hurting themself;
individuals have been known to leave their home driving their car while asleep
there is no truth to the wive’s tale that the sleepwalker should not be awakened
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 22
Sleeping and dreaming
Sleep disorders Insomnia: affects about 20 million Americans Narcolepsy: a form of epilepsy that causes
sudden, immediate sleeping Sleep apnea: cessation of breathing while
sleeping; associated with the very loud snoring person
Incubus/Succubus attacks
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 23
Sleeping and dreaming
Sleep is one of the cycles that the body does daily. These cycles are called “circadian rhythms” and the body typically operates on a cycle of about 24 hours. Other circadian body cycles include: body temperature urine production metabolism
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 24
Altered states of consciousness
Altered states involve several common characteristics: Distortions of perception Intense emotions (positive or negative) A sense of “unity” Altered states are often illogical,
indescribable, and transcendent; they may involve a sense of “self-evident” reality
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 25
Altered States of Consciousness
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 26
Altered states
Meditation can produce an altered state of consciousness extreme focused concentration away from
thoughts and feelings generates a sense of relaxation focusing on not thinking; try to stop thinking
and see if you can do it use of mantras, koens, praying, or other
techniques may be useful in meditating
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 27
Altered states
Hypnosis can produce an altered state of consciousness characterized by relaxation, hypnotic
halucinations, hypnotic analgesia, age regression, and hypnotic control
is hypnotism real, fake, or role playing? about 15% of the population is easily
hypnotized
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 28
Altered states
History of hypnotism Anton Mesmer and Mesmerism
his use of “magnetic waters”, magical incantations, and showmanship as “treatment” of psychological/medical problems
was a hit in France in the 1790s
Freud became interested in it for a time but later rejected it as nonsense
Picked up by American behaviorists in the US in the 1930s; still used in the US today
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 29
Altered states
Applications of hypnotism used (with varying results) to help people:
stop smoking stop drinking stop eating
has been used to induce anesthesia in certain individuals, e.g., drug-free childbirth; there have been surgeries carried out with the patient only under hypnotic suggestion for pain control
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 30
Altered states
Another altered state is “depersonalization” the perceptual experience of one’s body or
surroundings becoming distorted or unreal in some way
a sense of being out of one’s body or that one’s body has no limit; this experience can happen to individuals on an LSD trip
can be very frightening; a bad trip
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 31
Altered states
Yet another altered state is the “Near Death Experience” experienced by individuals clinically dead
during surgery or accident who can return to tell about it
similarity of reports of NDE is it real or is it something else? heaven/hell or just neurochemistry at work?
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 32
Altering consciousness with drugs Drug use: some basic considerations
Individuals have variable responses to drugs many factors influence how a person reacts to
drugs, e.g., dosage, purity of a drug, a person’s expectations surrounding use of a given drug, a person’s characteristics/personality, as well as a person’s mood
one must consider the drug to be taken and the person taking a drug when considering the effect of any given drug
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 33Drug use is stupidity in action
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 34
Altering consciousness
Drug use: some basic considerations Problems associated with drug use
some drugs can cause physical dependency, e.g., cocaine, heroin
some drugs can cause psychological dependency, e.g., marijuana
physiological addiction to a drug is a huge price to pay for experiencing a drug’s effects
drugs are generally a stupid way of inducing altered states because you can do it without using drugs
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 35
Altering States of ConsciousnessAltering States of Consciousness
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 36
Altering consciousness
Psychotropic drugs: Drugs that will induce altered states Stimulants: amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine,
and nicotine Depressants: sedatives, tranquilizers, bennies Narcotics: morphine, heroin, codeine, as well
as Demerol, Percodan, and Methadone Inhalants: airplane glue, cleaning fluid, some
paints, and gasoline
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 37
Altering consciousness
Psychotropic drugs Halucinogens: mescaline, hashish, marijuana,
peyote, psilocybin Typically drug abusers will abuse many
drugs (polydrug use). The outcome is often addiction, mental illness, and death.
Use alternate ways to induce altered states, e.g., meditation, fasting, prayer, etc.
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 38
Use methods other than drugs to induce altered states
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 39
Application of psychology
The legal consciousness-altering drugs alcohol is the widest-used drug that alters persons’
consciousness caffeine and nicotine are used by millions of people history is filled with the trade of drugs designed to
induce altered states, e.g., the British East India Company trafficed in opium
Altered states and religions, e.g., ganja, peyote
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Psych 101 Chapter 5 40
Questions?
Any questions about Chapter 5?