Download - Project Management
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Project & Quality Management
Day 3 Technology
Project Management
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Syllabus Core: PQM
Three main topics
Project Management
• Quality Management
• Reliability Management
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Project Management• Overview of project management,• Project planning;
→Work Breakdown Structure,→The Gantt Chart,→Network Diagram,→Critical Path Diagram,
• Project planning for Technology projects, • Using Microsoft Project to generate charts.
Structure of the Presentation
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What is Project Management?
A set of techniques used for managing projects
Origins in industry - large projects
• Bridge Building
• New Product Development
• Road Building
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What is a Project?
“Any task within an organisation that does not fit neatly into ‘business-as-usual’”
• Port Tunnel
• Luas
• Development of New Engine
• Set up a Quality System in Company
• Technology Design & Make project.
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What is a Project?Projects have the following characteristics:
• Each project is specific and unique.
• Each project has a specific deliverable item when complete.
• This deliverable is aimed at meeting a specific need or purpose.
• There is usually a specific due date for completion of the project.
Design is not necessarily a central part of the project activity.
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What is Managed?
PM focuses on the management of resources and time in a systematic manner.
• The administration of the project
• The supervision of the project
• The organisation of the project
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What is Managed?
For the student it means:
• Analysing the objectives of the project,
• Defining the tasks needed to achieve these objectives,
• Controlling the execution of them.
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Who manages the projeect?
Large projects usually involve a project team.
Project Manager
Specialist Specialist Specialist
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Projects have 3 objectives,
Finish on time.
Meet the specifications that satisfy the brief.
Meet the budget.
Students are the project managers of their own tasks!
What do Project Managers do?
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Importance of Planning
Unexpected events may happen during the project and may cause delays.
Breakdown of machinery,Problems with resources/supplies,Labour shortages, etc.
Project planning can minimise the effect of these unexpected delays.
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Project Planning
What is a project plan?
• Can be as simple as a list of sequences for a small project
• Can be more complex with charts, tables, costings etc. for a larger project
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Project Planning
1. Analyse the brief,
2. List the steps involved,
3. Draw up a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
A WBS is a diagram that shows→ Primary Tasks→ Sub-Tasks
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Example
Draw up a Work Breakdown Structure for the erection of a garden shed.
1. The shed will come prefabricated but will need to be assembled.
2. A foundation will need to be prepared in advance.
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List of Tasks
No. Activity
1 Order Shed
2Buy Blocks, Sand &
Cement
3 Build Foundation
4 Assemble Shed
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WBS for Garden Shed
Garden ShedPrepare Foundation
Buy Blocks and Cement
Place order for shed
Assemble Shed when it arrives
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The Gantt Chart – a Preview
A Gantt Chart is a horizontal bar chart showing the times for each task
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Looking at the Gantt Chart
• Delivery time for the shed is nine days,• One day for buying materials,• Two days for making the foundation,• One day for assembly.
Note:
• Making the foundation is timed so that it is ready just in time for the delivery of the shed
• Could have been completed at an earlier date if desired.
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Exercises
Redraw the Gantt chart so that the maximum amount of time is allowed for the curing of the foundation.
Buy Blocks
Build Foundation
Assemble
Day 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Order Shed from Supplier
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ExercisesShown is a picture of a Christmas Tree Star
1. Draw a WBS for the Star
2. Draw a Gantt chart for manufacturing the Star
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List of Tasks:Star
No. Activity Time
1 Mark Out Star 1
2 Drill Holes 1
3 Cut Out & File 3
4 Solder Circuit 2
5 Assemble 2
6 Test 1
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WBS for Star
Star
Mark Out Drill Cut Out & File
Solder Circuit
Assemble Test
Circuit
Structure
Sub Task
Sub Task
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Gantt Chart for Star
Cut Out & File
Drill
Solder Circuit
Day 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mark Out
Assemble
Test
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Network DiagramsFor larger or more complex projects a
network diagram is required.
Network Diagrams show:
1. The relationships between the tasks,2. The sequence in which each task is
performed,3. The interdependencies between the
tasks.
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Drawing up a Network Diagram
• Start with task list and draw up a WBS
• Decide on the order of tasks
WBS
Network Diagram
Gantt Chart
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Sample WBS
A WBS needs to be analysed and redrawn frequently to arrive at the best production sequence.
(Use ‘Post its’)
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Network Table
Task Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E B
F C,D
G E
The tasks and theirpredecessorscan be drawn as a table
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Part Complete Network Diagram
Note that task C has A as a predecessor
D and E have B as predecessors.
A and B have no predecessors and are connected to the starting node.
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Complete Network Diagram
Task Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E B
F C,D
G E
Exercise:Complete the diagram using the remainder of the tasks
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Network Diagram for Garden Shed
Draw up a network diagram for the garden shed project described previously.
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Some Definitions and TermsTerms used for network diagrams:Activity – A task or set of tasks required by the project.Network – Diagram of nodes representing activities
connected by directional arrows that defines the project and shows the relations between all of the activities. Networks are usually drawn with a ‘Start’ node on the left and a ‘Finish’ node on the right.
Path – A series of connected activities in the networkCritical Path – the set of activities on a path from the
project’s start event to its finish event that if delayed, will delay the completion date of the project.
Critical Time – The time required to complete all activities on the critical path.
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Adding Times to the Network Diagram
• Duration of each task can be added to network diagram
• From this, start and finish times can be found for each task
• Some tasks can be allowed to vary their start and finish times without affecting overall time taken
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Example
Task Predecessor Duration
A - 5 (days)
B - 4
C A 3
D A 4
E A 6
F B,C 4
G D 5
H D,E 6
I F 6
J G,H 4
Consider the following project
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Network with Tasks & Times
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Adding Further Information
We can add the following information to each node in the diagram:
Earliest Start Time (EST)Earliest Finish Time (EFT)
Latest Start Time (LST)Latest Finish Time (LFT)
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Critical Path Diagram
Critical path in orange
See notes for a detailed explanation
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Conclusions from Critical Path Diagram
• Critical path is path that requires the most time (A-E-H-J)
• Critical time is 21 days which is the earliest possible completion time
• Any delay on critical path will delay the project
• Some delay (within limits) can be tolerated on other tasks.
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Critical Path Diagram for the Garden ShedComplete the critical path diagram for the garden shed
State critical path and critical time
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Solution
CP: Order Shed – AssembleCT= 10 Days
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Slack = LFT-EFT = LST-EST
Calculating Activity Slack
Slack or Float is the amount of time a non-critical task can be delayed
Slack = Latest Finish Time – Earliest Finish Time
or
Latest Start Time – Earliest Start Time
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Slack Times from Shed Example
Both non-critical tasks have a slack of (9-3)=(7-1)=(7-1)=(6-0) = 6 days
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The Gantt Chart
• Generated from network diagram
• Gives visual representation of activities and times
• Gantt charts can show:• Timeline for each task• Dependencies of tasks• Critical path
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Network DiagramUsing the Network Diagram from previous example
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Application of PM to Tech. ProjectsNow we will apply the techniques we have
met to a hypothetical LC project.
The procedure for project work is:• List the tasks and sub-tasks involved• Draw up a WBS• Draw up a Network Table• Draw up a Network Diagram• Insert times and determine the Critical
Path
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Consider the following project brief
Design and manufacture a personal alarm that will incorporate an electronic circuit as well as a suitable casing
From analysing the brief:• General plan on how to approach the project• Identify the main tasks involved• Derive a Work Breakdown Schedule• Draw up a Network Diagram• Add times and find the critical path, critical
time and slack for the activities.
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A possible WBS for the project
Personal Alarm
Research Circuit
Design Circuit
Order Components
User Survey Design Casing
Manufacture & Assemble
Test
Design Specification
Order Materials
Casing
Circuit
Sub Task
Sub Task
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Network TableFirst draw up a list of tasks and preceding tasks
Task Description Duration Predecessor
A Research Circuit 14 -
B User Survey 7 -
C Device Spec 1 B
D Circuit Design 3 A
E Order Components 10 D
F Design Casing 7 C
G Order Materials 7 F
H Manufacture and assembly
7 E,G
I Test 4 H
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Network Diagram
7
7
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Critical Path Diagram
CP = Circuit Research -Circuit Design-Order Components-Build-Test
CT = 38 class periods
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Gantt Chart for Project
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Student Workbook
List the tasks needed to complete the project
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Example 2
List the tasks
Estimate the times
Draw up WBS and Gantt chart
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Example – Contains circuit
List the tasks & Estimate timesOrder tasks and optimise themDraw up WBS and Gantt chartEstimate project duration
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Example:
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Example