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Making sense of high sensitivity!?
Prof.dr.AnnaM.T.Bosman
Radboud University,NijmegenBehavioural ScienceInstitute/SchoolofPedagogicalandEducationalSciencesa.bosman@pwo.ru.nlwww.annabosman.eu
SVComplexCongres ’MakingSense’.TilburgUniversity,April21,2017
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Sensitivity
derivesfromtheLatinSensus; viatheFrenchSens,itbecameSense
Originalmeaning:findyourway
1400:abilitytoperceive,interpretation,feelings1526:referringtoexternalsenseorgans1816:referringtoextremephysicalexperiences1900:overlysensitive
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Sensitive
CarlJung,MD(1875-1961)psychoanalyst
1913-1914inheritedtraitnotcausedbytrauma,butmaycauseneurosis
1921introvertisapersonwhodirectspsychicenergyinward,awayfromobjects,asiftheyareexperiencedastoopowerful
Source:Aron,E.N.(2004). JournalofAnalyticalPsychology,49,337–367
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Sensitiveenvironment
JohnBowlby,MD(1907-1990)• Founderoftheattachmenttheory• PsychoanalystandEthologist
1950WHOasksBowlby foradviceonthementalhealthofhomelesschildren
Raisingachild toahealthypersonrequiresasensitivecaretaker
Source:Bowlby ,J.(1969).AttachmentandLoss.Volume1.Attachment,PelicanBooks
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HighSensitivity
Scientificterm:‘Sensoryprocessingsensitivity’
Elaine N. Aron, PhD.
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HighSensitivity
Scientificterm:‘Sensoryprocessingsensitivity’
referstoarelativelysensitivenervoussystem- awareofsubtletiesintheenvironment:
bodily(physical)emotional(empathy)cognitive(understanding)
- moreeasilyoverwhelmed
Elaine N. Aron, PhD.SourceAron&Aron(1997)
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ThecrisisinPsychologicalScience
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Theconceptofdisease
TheancientGreekDiseaseisaresponsetoadisturbanceofanaturalequilibrium.Diseaseisqualitativelydifferentfromhealth.Itisadifferentorganisationororder
Modernmedicine(19th century)Adiseaseenterstheorganismasaresultofapathogen(germ).Theenemyusuallycomesfromtheoutsideandhastobebattled.Thepathogencausesasurplusoradeficitofsomethingphysiologicalthatcanbemeasured(diabetes:glucose;anemia:redbloodcells;HIV:T-helpercells)
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Bimodaldistribution:theGreekopinion
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Freq
uencies
Behavioural measure
HSP/ADHD/Autism/Dyslexia
Nolabel
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Unimodal distribution(notnecessarilyGaussian,actuallyunlikely)
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Behavioural measure
Disorder ?????
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SurplusorDeficit:Normsneeded
Norm = standard,pattern,model(1821)fromLatin
Norma =acarpenter’sT-square*(inusesince1670)
Normal= ‘usualsituationorcondition’(1890)Since1894itrefersto‘normalpersonorthing’
*T-squareisanartefact.
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SurplusorDeficit?Statisticsasasolution
Statistics=informationaboutapopulationfromasample
Statisticalinformationispresentedby• Frequencies• Mean,modus,median• Range,standarddeviation,variance
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Measuresandmeasurementtoolsrequired
Whatisavalidmeasurement?- Anattributeexistsinreality Requiresa
theory- Changeinattributecausallyrelatedtochangeintool
Realattributes:Temperature,Pressure,ElectricalCurrent,Velocity,etc…..
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Akinetictheoryonheat 15
ScalesCelsiusFahrenheitKelvinRéamurRankineNewtonDelisleRØmer
TypesAlcoholWaterBi-metal
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Whataboutintelligencetests
1. WISC(WechslerIntelligenceScaleChildren)
2. WAIS(WechslerAdultIntelligenceScale)
3. KaufmanAssessmentBatteryforChildren(K-ABC)
4. Stanford-BinetIntelligenceScale(SB)
5. WJ-III(Woodcock-JohnsonIII)
6. SPM(StandardProgressiveMatrices)
7. NDT(NederlandseDifferentatieTest)
8. LDT(LeidseDiagnostischeTest)
9. RAKIT(RevisieAmsterdamseKinderIntelligentietests)
10. SON(Snijders-Oomennon-verbalintelligencetest)
11. Etc….
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17Whatabouttestsforreadingskill?
1. One-minutetest(EMT;Brus &Voeten,1973)
2. Pseudoword readingtest(KLEPEL,vandenBos etal.;1994)
3. Three-minutetest(Verhoeven,1995)
4. Text-readingtest(AVI;Visser etal.2006)
5. Lexical-decisiontask(LD)orthecross-outtask(vanBon,2006)
6. Readingtechniqueandreadingspeed(2001)
7. Readingcomprehension(Aarnoutse,1996)
8. Readingcomprehension(deVos,2012)
9. Readingcomprehension(Cito,2006)
10. Readingcomprehension(A-Vision,2003)
11. Etc…
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ObjectiveversusNormativemeasures
Speed,120km/hour,isan‘objective’measurenormativeevaluationwithrespecttocontext
toofastonan80kmmaxroad,avoidingafinetooslowonaracecircuit,wantingtowin
Intelligence,IQ=70,isanormativemeasure(relativetootherindividuals)
Reading,Cito-scoreC,isanormativemeasure(relativetootherindividuals)
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19PhysicalSciencesvs.LifeSciences
Sciencesofthenon-livingworld2isanevennumber Value-freefacts2H2 +O2 =2H2O
Sciencesofthelivingworld‘Lifecangowrong’,andorganismsmayencountersituationsthatareeithergoodorbadfortheirsurvival,therefore
‘Facts’inBiology,Psychiatry,(Child)Psychologyarevalue-laden:• Hygieneisimportant,itenhanceslongevity (=notafact,butsociallydesirable,
normative)• Beingabletoreadorspellisrequired,youwillearnmoremoney(=notafact,
butimplicitlyagoaltostrivefor,itisanormativejudgment)
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Pathology
GeorgeCanguilhem (1904-1995)Frenchmedicaldoctorandphilosopher:
Pathologyisareducedcapacitytomaintainlife(tosurvive),determinedbytherelationship betweenorganismandenvironment
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‘Psychological’pathology
AutismBaron-Cohen(2008):isacondition,systematizingratherthanempatizing mindGrandin (2012):withoutautism,wewouldnothavetechnologyandcomputers
DyslexiaElliott&Gibbs(2009):Readingproblemsexit,butdoesdyslexia?Bosman(2015):Readingskillisonacontinuum;problemsexist,butasadisorder?
ADHDSaul(2014):ADHDdoesnotexistTonti (2013).ADHDasadifferenceincognition,notadisorder.
NB.Please consulttheURLs for thought provoking ideas
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Pathologyimpliessuffering
Pathosis‘suffering’
Canguilhem (1966):“diseaseiswhatirritatesmeninthenormalcourseof
theirlivesandwork,andaboveall,whatmakesthemsuffer”
Pathology• emergesfromtherelationshipbetweenorganismandenvironment• isanindividualnorm
Disorder,preferablydifferentorder,maybepathological.
Apersonwithadifferentordermayalsojustbedifferent
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Autismor….18juni2017 25
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