![Page 1: Process Engineer -Np ê 6 -e`}S`uepeA` }`1uIqtAcJNqceae.ku.edu/sites/ceae.ku.edu/files/images/general...-Np ê 6 -e`}S`uepeA`_}`1uIqtAcJNq Perfluorinated Compounds in Drinking Water:](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022011909/5f726d2b6b2040041743ad8a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Perfluorinated Compounds in Drinking Water:Risks, Considerations, & Solutions
Dustin Mobley, P.E.Process Engineer
Water Technology Group
April 17, 2019
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Agenda
• Background
• Properties & Application
• Health Effects
• Contamination Routes
• Occurrence
• Regulatory Status
• PFAS Treatment
• Risks, Considerations, & Solutions
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PFAS Background
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What is PFAS?
• Per- and Poly-Fluoro Alkyl Substances
• Synthetic Chemicals
• Persistent, bioaccumulative and some exhibit adverse health
effects
• Pervasive
• Ubiquitous
• Largely Unregulated
PFAS are commonly found in human and animal populations worldwide and are not metabolized
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Chemistry of PFAS
• C-F bonds
• Strong, Stable, Persistent
• Fluorinated carbon chain
• Water- and Oil Resistant
• Length contributes to persistence, bioaccumulation
• Functional Groups Yield Useful Properties
• Coatings
• Surfactants
• Dispersants
PFAS properties benefit a wide range of applications but promote migration through the environment
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PFAS Structures
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Over 3,000 PFAS in use today
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PFAS History
As legacy PFAS are phased out, new short-chain PFAS are introduced.
2016 - EPA sets health advisory
for PFOA and PFOS of 70 ng/L.
2018 - EPA holds national
leadershipsummit for
PFAS.
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Polyfluorinated Compounds: Past, Present & FutureLindstrom et al., Env. Sci. & Tech.
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Applications
Numerous pathways for contamination and human exposure
Firefighting Foams Non-stick Cookware Oil Recovery Food Packaging
Cosmetics Paints & Inks Coatings & Textiles Medical Devices
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Health Effects
• Readily adsorbed through ingestion
• Inhalation & dermal exposures not studied
• Not metabolized (long half-lives)
• Crosses placenta and into breast milk
• Known adverse effects:• Pregnancy complications
• Liver damage
• Increased risks of asthma, thyroid disease, infertility
• Increases in cholesterol (total, LDL)
• Suggestive evidence of additional adverse effects
Need analytical methods to perform health studies
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Common Contamination Routes
• Military Bases & Fire-Fighting Schools
• Use of Aqueous Fire-Fighting Foams (AFFF)
• Waste Disposal
• Runoff
• Landfill Leachate
• Manufacturing
• Air Emissions
• Wastewater Discharges
Preventing contamination at the source is key
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11Likely that contamination is grossly underestimated.
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Regulatory Efforts
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Regulatory Status (Federal Level)
• EPA Health advisories (2016):
• PFOA < 70 ng/L
• PFOS < 70 ng/L
• Measured individually or combined
• ATSDR Draft Toxicological Profile for PFAS
• PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFOS
• Values up to 10x lower than current HAs
• EPA Draft Toxicological Profile for GenX & PFBS
Lack of health studies on PFAS makes rule-making difficult and slow.
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EPA PFAS Action Plan
Common theme is information gathering.
Key Actions:
• Begin MCL setting process for PFOA & PFOS
• Designate PFOA & PFOS as CERCLA hazardous substances
• Finalize outstanding toxicity assessments + more
• Repeat nationwide sampling (UCMR5)
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Issued February 2019
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Regulatory Status (State Level)
Some states dealing with PFAS contamination have developed guidance values more stringent than EPA health advisories.
Information from www.itrcweb.org
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PFAS guidance
PFAS MCL
Federal• PFOA 70 ppt• PFOS 70 ppt
Michigan• PFOA 9 ppt• PFOS 8 ppt• PFNA 9 ppt• PFHxS 84 ppt• PFBS 1,000 ppt
New Jersey• PFOA 14 ppt• PFOS 13 ppt• PFNA 13 ppt (MCL)
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PFAS Solutions
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Problem Definition & Treatment Goals
Know Your Contaminants
• Measurable, not measurable
• Concentration
• Long-chain, short-chain
• Sulfonates, carboxylic acids
GenX, 6.3%
PFOA, 4.0%
PFOS, 1.6%
PFHpA, 8.4%
PFHxA, 14.0%
PFNA, 0.7%
PFBA, 1.1%
PFBS, 1.1%
PFPeA, 14.3%
PFPeS, 0.2%PFHxS, 1.4%
PFDA, 0.4%
Estimated Compounds
*, 46.5%
Selecting the treatment goal is perhaps as challenging as determining the most cost effective means to remove the contaminants.
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External Factors
Solutions must consider technical, political, public relations, and regulatory components.
• PFAS Regulations/Guidance
•Unknowns
•Available Health Studies
• Customer expectations
•Rates/Cost
• Level of removal (non-detect)
•Other desired outcomes
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Universe of PFAS Solutions
No one-size-fits-all solution for treatment of PFAS.
• Treatment (individual vs. regionalized)
•Granular Activated Carbon
• Ion Exchange
•Reverse Osmosis
• Purchase treated water
•New water supplies (well or surface)
• Blending
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Best Available Technology – GAC/IX
• Granular activated carbon – most widely applied
• Scheduled media replacement
• Staggered replacement yields lower cost
• Piloting recommended to evaluate:
• Media selection
• Expected PFAS removal
• Media replacement can impact operations
IX and GAC replacement driven by influent concentration and treatment goal. 20
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Membrane Processes
• Applicable to reverse osmosis
• Near complete removal of all PFASs (95 percent removal)
• Can be combined with GAC or IX for greater removal
• Requires ~15% more raw water
• High levels of PFAS in concentrate stream
• Inland desalination very costly
• Need for pre- and post-treatment
RO becomes more favorable with high concentrations of PFAS
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Available Treatment Technologies
Technology CAPEX OPEX Pros Cons
GAC $$$ - $$
Varies withreplacement
• Removes wide range of organics
• Removes from environment• Re-useable media
• More frequency replacement• Low adsorption capacity• Early breakthrough of short
chain PFASs
IX $$$ - $$
Varies withreplacement
• Targeted removal of PFASs• Higher adsorption capacity• Removes from environment• Less frequent replacement
• Single use media• Removal of short chain PFASs• Removes few other
contaminants
RO $$$$$ - $$$
Varies with effluent goal
• High level of PFAS removal• Removes other contaminants• Indiscriminately removes all
contaminants
• Concentrated waste stream • Requires post treatment
stabilization
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• Breakthrough order based on
• Straight carbon length
• Sulfate or acid functional group
• Treatment validation/optimization
• Doubling the EBCT resulted in 70% improvement in GAC replacement
• Adjusting replacement provides flexibility in uncertain regulatory environment
Piloting provides certainty in the selected treatment method.
The Importance of Piloting
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Keys to dealing with PFAS:Knowledge + Communications
• Understand what compounds are present
• Develop reliable capital and cost models
• Evaluate various solutions
• Cost impact to consumer
• Flexibility if regulations change
• Proactive communication with stakeholders
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Dustin Mobley, P.E.Process EngineerBlack & [email protected]