Download - Problems under the Articles led to Conventions Lead to state meetings and call for revision…
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Problems under the Articles led to Conventions
Lead to state meetings and call for revision…
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Mount Vernon Conference - 1785 Delegates met to discuss problems between
Maryland and Virginia over the use of the Potomac River
Common boundary – no one “owns”, no one can tax the other for its use
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Annapolis Convention - 1786 Called to discuss other common problems
between states Only 5 states attended Called for a convention to be held the
following year in Philadelphia
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The Constitutional Convention Where:
Philadelphia
When: 1787 (May – Sept.)
Original Purpose: To amend the Articles of Confederation
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Philadelphia Convention – Who Attended? 55 delegates - 12 of 13 states Not Rhode Island G. Washington – “President” of the Convention
B. Franklin – Host to delegates
James Madison – “Father of the Constitution” kept notes and records
Alexander Hamilton – advocates strong central gov’t
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Who was absent? Representatives of 90% of the population Thomas Jefferson John Adams Thomas Paine Patrick Henry Samuel Adams
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Philadelphia Convention – What did they agree to do? Don’t amend the Articles – write a new plan! Secret debate and discussion ↑ powers of national government
Powers – to tax, to raise army, to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, sole power to coin money
Need 3 branches – legislative, executive & judicial
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(What were the) Compromises (at the) Constitutional Convention?
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How to establish representation in the national legislature? Virginia Plan
“Big” States Representation should
be proportional based on population of the state (bigger states get more representatives)
Representatives should be elected by the people
New Jersey Plan “Small” States Representation should
be equal by state (smaller states have the same power as the bigger states)
Representatives should be chosen by state legislatures
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The Great (Connecticut) Compromise National Legislature will have 2 houses (bicameral) The House of Representatives will have the number
of representatives per state based on the population of the state – census every 10 years; representatives directly elected by the people
The Senate will have 2 representatives per state; Senators will be chosen by the state legislatures
(1913- changed by 17th Amendment)
Both the House and Senate must pass any bill so they have to learn to cooperate
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How to count the slave population? Northern states
Don’t count the slaves for purposes of representation
Do count the slaves for taxation
Southern states Do count the slaves for
purposes of representation
Don’t count the slaves for taxation
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3/5 Compromise Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person
for both representation and taxation South would get additional seats in the House
of Representatives based on a slave population that could not vote
But the South would have to pay additional taxes maybe discouraging a large number of slaves
“The cruelest part of the Constitution”
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How to conduct trade and assess tariffs? North
Tax imports to keep out foreign competition & protect America’s “infant” industries
South Don’t tax exports
because it would make it difficult for American farmers to compete in European markets
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Tariff Compromise Congress may tax imports but never may they
tax exports Reward “good” behavior (exporting);
discourage “bad” behavior (importing) Congress will not interfere with the slave
trade before 1808
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How to Elect the President?(Democracy vs. Too Much Democracy)
Plan #1 – Directly elected by the People Plan #2 – Congress will select the President
(Parliamentary Democracy – like Britain)
Plan #3 – State Legislatures will select the President
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The Electoral College Compromise Voters will elect electors representing a
candidate Electors will choose the President # of Electors = # of Reps in House + # of
Senators An indirect election by the people because the
founding fathers did not trust “the people” to make wise choices.( Where the Founding Fathers “elitists”…men of property?)
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Electoral Votes – 2008 vs. 2012
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To be elected President in 2008 A candidate will need a majority of the Electoral
votes – 270 of 538 It is possible for a candidate to win the popular vote
(people’s vote) but lose the Electoral vote 2000 – Al Gore/ George W. Bush (47.9%)
1824 – Andrew Jackson/ John Quincy Adams (30.9%)
1876 - Hayes (48%) / Tilden 1888 – Grover Cleveland/ Benjamin Harrison
(47.8%)
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Ratification of the Constitution
Ratification: the process of making the Constitution official Constitutional requirement: 9 of 13 states need to approve it
Types of People Famous Leaders Stance
Federalists: Northern, urban James Madison wanted a strong national Alexander Hamilton gov't, in favor of John Jay Constitution
Anti-Federalists: Southern Thomas Jefferson wanted a weaker nationalSam Adams gov't, wanted to add a Patrick Henry Bill of Rights to the
Constitution
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The Federalist Papers
A series of papers written in favor of the ConstitutionExamples:
#2 The Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence by John Jay
#8 Consequences of Hostility Between the States by Alexander Hamilton
#10 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection by James Madison
#52 The House of Representatives by James Madison
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RATIFICATION Anti- Federalists “win”… BILL OF RIGHTS added!