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Principles of Principles of Virtual Reality in Virtual Reality in Surgical Training Surgical Training and Practiceand Practice
Dr Sanjoy Sanyal MBBS, MS (Surgery), ADPHA, ADHRD
Presented at 10th National Medical Dental Conference in Seychelles, February 2007
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ContentsContentsDefinition and classificationTechnical aspectsAngled laparoscope simulationSimulated cholecystectomySimulated gynecological surgeryVirtual endoscopy / angiographyAugmented reality imaging – NeurosurgeryVisible Human Project – NLMSummaryReferences and URLs
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DefinitionDefinition
VR 1st coined by Jaron Lanier, head of VPL Research Inc. California
2nd of 3 types of CyberspaceSystem that provides realistic sense of being
immersed in an environment.Computer-generated visual, auditory and
tactile multimedia experience.Teledildonics: Virtual sex (or e-sex!!??)
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ClassificationClassification
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Augmented reality systemsAugmented reality systems
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Technical aspects of VRTechnical aspects of VRVR surrounds human body with artificial
sensorium of sight, sound and touch.
– Stereo headphones
– ‘Eyephones’: Head mounted stereo TV goggles – able to simulate 3-D
– ‘Datagloves’: Wired gauntlets
– ‘Datasuits’: Computerized clothing
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NASA astronaut training in simulated (VR) environment
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Technical aspects of VR in Technical aspects of VR in medicinemedicine
3-D computer graphics: Texture mappingInteraction devices and trackersTactile feedbackForce (haptic) feedback: Reverse robotic
unitsOther sensory feedback: Auditory, olfactory
etc
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Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Spatial reasoning is required to focus objective lens in line with narrow cavity.
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Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Virtual environment through a Virtual Laparoscopic Interface:
All 4 corners of 6 targets have to be viewed in sequence.
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After viewing all 4 corners of 1st target, hit a button:
Next object comes into view
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
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Go through the whole sequence for all targets.
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
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Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
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Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
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Automatic timer records the time taken
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
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Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
Occluding tissue is dissected
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Lateral traction is placed on gallbladder and cystic duct is clipped
Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
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Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
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Cystic duct is successfully cut
Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
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Simulated gynecological Simulated gynecological surgerysurgery
Endoscopic Surgery Simulation: Perform surgical tasks on elasto-dynamic objects in virtual surgery scene in real time; grasping, cutting and setting of clips
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Simulated gynecological Simulated gynecological surgerysurgery
Actively Deforming Objects (ADO) concept introduced for modeling organ motility
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Simulated gynecological Simulated gynecological surgerysurgery
© Dr. H. Cakmak, Institut für Angewandte Informatik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Simulation of pulsatile bleeding, irrigation, suction, animation of coagulation smoke, causing steaming of endoscope lens…
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Virtual endoscopyVirtual endoscopy
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Virtual bronchoscopyVirtual bronchoscopy
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Virtual colonoscopyVirtual colonoscopy
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Virtual arthroscopyVirtual arthroscopy
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Virtual angiographyVirtual angiography
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Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
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Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
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Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
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Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
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Visible Human Project – NLMVisible Human Project – NLM
Visible Human Male Database
Visible Human Female Database
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Visible Human Project – NLMVisible Human Project – NLM
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Visible Human Project – NLMVisible Human Project – NLM
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Virtual scalpel incisionVirtual scalpel incision
Knecutsm.mpg
Double click on icon to view video of virtual scalpel incision on a simulated knee model
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SummarySummaryVR is an immersive and interactive
simulation of an environment
VR applications are playing a great role in teaching, training and testing of medical students and graduates
Computer simulated 3-D reconstruction of radiological c-sections are important diagnostic tools
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SummarySummaryComputer assisted pre-operative planning
and outcome prediction are on the horizon
Integration of hybrid (real and imaginary) systems in augmented reality play a role in image-guided surgery
VR also plays a role in telemedine and telesurgery
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References and URLsReferences and URLsEdelman V. Touch goes high-tech.
http://cms.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19960101-000031.html
Boulos MNK. University of Plymouth. Virtual reality in medicine
Tendick F. University of California San Francisco. http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~frankt/vesta.html
Cakmak HK. Institut für Angewandte Informatik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. http://www-kismet.iai.fzk.de/VRTRAIN/phD_main.html
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References and URLsReferences and URLsThe Visible Human Project, NLM, NIH:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
University of Colorado, Center of Human Simulation: http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/chs/browse/browse_m.html
http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/chs/browse/browse_f.html
NHSIA. Virtual Reality System Predicts Surgical Outcomes. http://www.informatics.nhs.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1206 Feb-2005
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