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M e d i c a l T e r m i n o l o g y
Instructors Edition
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Medical Terminology
Series Product Managers: Charles G. Blum and Adam A. WilcoxDevelopmental Editor: Laurie Perry
Copyeditor: Cathy Albano
Series Designer: Adam A. Wilcox
COPYRIGHT 2009Axzo Press
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work may be reproduced, transcribed, or used in any form or by any
meansgraphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or
information storage and retrieval systemswithout the prior written permission of the publisher.
For more information, go to www.axzopress.com.
Trademarks
ILT Series is a trademark of Axzo Press.
Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only andmay be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers.
Disclaimer
Wereserve the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content
without notice.
ISBN 10: 1-4188-6227-4
ISBN 13: 978-1-4188-6227-5
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 GL06 05 04 03
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C o n t e n t s
Introduction iii
Topic A: About the manual............................................................................... ivTopic B: Setting student expectations ............................................................. viiiTopic C: Classroom setup..................................................................................xTopic D: Support............................................................................................... xi
Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1-1Topic A: Common root terms .......................................................................... 1-2Topic B: Common musculoskeletal terms...................................................... 1-12Unit summary: Common root and musculoskeletal terms .............................. 1-21
Integumentary and digestive terms 2-1Topic A: Integumentary system terms ............................................................. 2-2
Topic B: Digestive system terms .................................................................... 2-11Unit summary: Integumentary and digestive terms......................................... 2-21
Cardiovascular and respiratory terms 3-1Topic A: Cardiovascular system terms ............................................................ 3-2Topic B: Respiratory system terms................................................................. 3-14Unit summary: Cardiovascular and respiratory terms..................................... 3-25
Urinary and reproductive terms 4-1Topic A: Urinary system terms........................................................................ 4-2Topic B: Reproductive system terms.............................................................. 4-12Unit summary: Urinary and reproductive terms.............................................. 4-23
Neurosensory terms and root-term review 5-1Topic A:Neurosensory system terms.............................................................. 5-2Topic B: Review of root terms .......................................................................5-13Unit summary:Neurosensory terms and root-term review ............................. 5-28
Prefixes and suffixes A through H 6-1Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes A through C.................................................... 6-2Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes D through E .................................................... 6-7Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes F through H ................................................... 6-12Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes A through H ......................................... 6-17
Prefixes and suffixes I through O 7-1Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes I through K ..................................................... 7-2Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes L through M ................................................... 7-7Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes N through O................................................... 7-11Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes I through O........................................... 7-15
Prefixes and suffixes P through Z 8-1Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes that start with P............................................... 8-2Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes R through S ................................................... 8-10Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes T through X ................................................... 8-16Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes P through Z .......................................... 8-21
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ii Medical Terminology
Color prefixes and suffixes and medical titles 9-1Topic A: Color prefixes and suffixes .............................................................. 9-2Topic B: Medical title abbreviations............................................................... 9-7Unit summary: Color prefixes and suffixes and medical titles ....................... 9-10
Common medical abbreviations 10-1Topic A: Common medical abbreviations...................................................... 10-2Unit summary: Common medical abbreviations ........................................... 10-14
Hospital and lab abbreviations 11-1Topic A: Hospital area abbreviations ............................................................. 11-2Topic B: Lab tests, chemistries, and symbol abbreviations ........................... 11-5Unit summary: Hospital and lab abbreviations.............................................. 11-10
Directional terms and word combinations 12-1Topic A: Directional terms............................................................................. 12-2Topic B: Word combinations ......................................................................... 12-5Unit summary: Directional terms and word combinations ............................ 12-22
Course summary S-1Topic A: Course summary............................................................................... S-2Topic B: Continued learning after class .......................................................... S-4
Index I-1
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iii
M e d i c a l T e r m i n o l o g y
Introduction
After reading this introduction, you will knowhow to:
A Use ILT Series trainingmanuals in
general.
B Use prerequisites, a target studentdescription, course objectives, and a skills
inventory to properly set students
expectations for the course.
C Set up a classroom to teach this course.
D Get support for setting up and teaching this
course.
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iv Medical Terminology
Topic A: About the manual
ILT Series philosophy
Our goal is to make you, the instructor, as successful as possible. To that end, our
training manuals facilitate students learning by providing structured interactionwith the subject matter itself. While we provide text to help you explain difficult
concepts, the hands-on activities are the focus of our courses. Leading the students
through these activities will teach the skills and concepts effectively.
We believe strongly in the instructor-led classroom. For many students, having a
thinking, feeling instructor in front of them will always be the most comfortable way to
learn. Because the students focus should be on you, our manuals are designed and
written to facilitate your interaction with the students, and not to call attention to
manuals themselves.
We believe in the basic approach of setting expectations, then teaching, and providing
summary and review afterwards. For this reason, lessons begin with objectives and end
with summaries. We also provide overall course objectives and a course summary toprovide both an introduction to and closure on the entire course.
Our goal is your success. We encourage your feedback in helping us to continually
improve our manuals to meet your needs.
Manual components
The manuals contain these major components:
Table of contents
Introduction
Units
Course summary
Index
Each element is described below.
Table of contents
The table of contents acts as a learning roadmap for you and the students.
Introduction
The introduction contains information about our training philosophy and our manual
components, features, and conventions. It contains target student, prerequisite,
objective, and setup information for the specific course. Finally, the introductioncontains support information.
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Introduction v
Units
Units are the largest structural component of the actual course content. A unit begins
with a title page that lists objectives for each major subdivision, or topic, within the unit
Within each topic, conceptual and explanatory information alternates with activities.
Units conclude with a summary composed of one paragraph for each topic, and an
independent practice activity that gives students an opportunity to practice the skills
theyve learned.The conceptual information takes the form of text paragraphs, exhibits, lists, and tables.
The activities contain various types of questions, answers, activities, and other graphics,
and other information. Throughout a unit, instructor notes are found in the left margin.
Each unit title page lists an estimated time for completion, but you have a great deal of
control over how long it will actually take to get through the material. Many of the
activities have questions or scenarios designed to stimulate discussion. You can adjustthe amount of time a unit takes by deciding how many students you ask to respond and
how long you allow a discussion to continue.
Course summary
This section provides a text summary of the entire course. It is useful for providingclosure at the end of the course. The course summary also indicates the next course in
this series, if there is one, and lists additional resources students might find useful asthey continue to learn about the subject matter.
Index
The index at the end of this manual makes it easy for you and your students to find
information about a particular component, feature, or concept.
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vi Medical Terminology
Manual conventions
Weve tried to keep the number of elements and the types of formatting to a minimum
in the manuals. We think this aids in clarity and makes the manuals more classicallyelegant looking. But there are some conventions and icons you should know about.
Instructor note/icon Convention Description
Italic text In conceptual text, indicates a new term or feature.
Bold text In unit summaries, indicates a key term or concept. In anindependent practice activity, indicates an explicit item
that you select, choose, or type.
Instructor notes. In the left margin, provide tips, hints, and warnings for
the instructor.
Warning icon.Warnings prepare instructors for potential classroom
management problems.
Tip icon. Tips give extra information the instructor can share withstudents.
Setup icon.Setup notes provide a realistic business context for
instructors to share with students, or indicate additionalsetup steps required for the current activity.
Projector icon.Projector notes indicate that there is a PowerPoint slide
for the adjacent content.
Hands-on activities
The hands-on activities are the most important parts of our manuals. They are usually
divided into two columns, with a question or concepts on the left and answers and
explanations on the right. To the far left, instructor notes provide tips, warnings, setups,
and other information for the instructor only. Heres a sample:
Do it! A-1: Discussing the brainstorming process
Exercises
1 Place the following brainstorming steps in the correct order.
Begin generating ideas.
Select the purpose.
Organize for the session.
Ask questions and clarify ideas.
Review the rules.
Select the purpose.
Organize for the session.
Review the rules.
Begin generating ideas.
Ask questions and clarify ideas.
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Introduction vii
PowerPoint presentations
To assist in your presentation and provide students with a visual focus, there is a
PowerPoint presentation file to accompany each unit. Each presentation begins with alist of unit objectives and finishes with a unit summary slide. We strongly recommend
that you run these presentations from the instructors station as you present the course
materials. A copy of PowerPoint Viewer is included, so it is not necessary to have
PowerPoint installed on your computer.
The ILT Series PowerPointadd-in
The CD also contains a PowerPoint add-in that enables you to do two things:
Create slide notes for the class
Display a control panel for the Flash movies embedded in the presentations
To load the PowerPoint add-in:
1 Copy the Course_ILT.ppa file to a convenient location on your hard drive.
2 Start PowerPoint.
3 Choose Tools, Macro, Security to open the Security dialog box. On the Security
Level tab, select Medium (if necessary), and then click OK.
4 Choose Tools, Add-Ins to open the Add-Ins dialog box. Then, click Add New.
5 Browse to and select the Course_ILT.ppa file, and then click OK. A message
box will appear, warning you that macros can contain viruses.
6 Click Enable Macros. The Course_ILT add-in should now appear in the
Available Add-Ins list (in the Add-Ins dialog box). The x in front of
Course_ILT indicates that the add-in is loaded.
7 Click Close to close the Add-Ins dialog box.
After you complete this procedure, a new toolbar will be available at the top of the
PowerPoint window. This toolbar contains a single button labeled Create SlideNotes.
Click this button to generate slide notes files in both text (.txt) and Excel (.xls) format.
By default, these files will be saved to the folder that contains the presentation. If the
PowerPoint file is on a CD-ROM or in some other location to which the SlideNotes files
cannot be saved, you will be prompted to save the presentation to your hard drive and
try again.
When you run a presentation and come to a slide that contains a Flash movie, you will
see a small control panel in the lower-left corner of the screen. You can use this panel to
start, stop, and rewind the movie, or to play it again.
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viii Medical Terminology
Topic B: Setting student expectations
Properly setting students expectations is essential to your success. This topic will help
you do that by providing:
A description of the target student at whom the course is aimed
A list of the objectives for the course A skills assessment for the course
Course prerequisites
There are no specific prerequisites for this course.
Target student
Typical students of this course are those needing to learn about medical terminology
and basic abbreviations that are used in the medical field. For students planning to
continue with courses in the medical field, this course is a good starting point.
Course objectives
You should share these overall course objectives with your students at the beginning of
the day. This will give the students an idea about what to expect, and will also help you
identify students who might be misplaced. Students are considered misplaced when they
lack the prerequisite knowledge or when they already know most of the subject matter
to be covered.
After completing this course, students will know how to:
Identify common root terms and musculoskeletal system terms and their
meanings.
Define integumentary system and digestive system terms and their meanings.
Define cardiovascular system and respiratory system terms and their meanings.
Define urinary system and reproductive system terms and their meanings.
Define neurosensory system terms and their meanings, and review root terms by
recognizing their use in sentences.
Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes A through H.
Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes I through O.
Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes P through Z.
Define prefixes and suffixes used for colors in relation to patients, and recognize
abbreviations of common medical titles, such as RN for registered nurse.
Define common medical abbreviations, such as ss for half and v.s. for vital
signs.
Define abbreviations for specific areas of a hospital as well as abbreviations for
chemistries and terms used in laboratory tests.
Define directional terms, such as lateral and posterior, and determine the
meaning of a long medical word by defining the individual pieces (prefix, root,
suffix).
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Introduction ix
Skills inventory
Use the following form to gauge students skill level entering the class (students have
copies in the introductions of their student manuals). For each skill listed, have studentsrate their familiarity from 1 to 5, with 5 being the most familiar. Emphasize that this is
not a test. Rather, it is intended to provide students with an idea of where theyre
starting from at the beginning of class. If a student is wholly unfamiliar with all the
skills, he or she might not be ready for the class. A student who seems to understand allof the skills, on the other hand, might need to move on to the next course in the series.
Skill 1 2 3 4 5
Defining common root terms used in the medical field
Defining musculoskeletal system terms
Defining integumentary system terms
Defining digestive system terms
Defining cardiovascular system terms
Defining respiratory system terms
Defining urinary system terms
Defining reproductive system terms
Defining neurosensory system terms
Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes A through H
Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes I through O
Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes P through Z
Identifying prefixes used in relation to a patients color
Defining medical titles
Identifying common medical abbreviations
Defining abbreviations used for hospital areas
Identifying abbreviations used in lab tests
Defining directional terms
Dissecting word combinations to determine meaning
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x Medical Terminology
Topic C: Classroom setup
All our courses assume that each student has a personal computer to use during the
class. Our hands-on approach to learning requires they do. This topic gives information
on how to set up the classroom to teach this course. It includes minimum requirementsfor the students personal computers, setup information for the first time you teach the
class, and setup information for each time that you teach after the first time you set up
the classroom.
Computer requirements
If you wish to use the PowerPoint presentation, youll need the following:
A Pentium-class, or better, computer
A keyboard and a mouse
A sound card and speakers
Windows 98, NT, 2000, or XP
A minimum of 64 MB of RAM, depending on your operating system A CD-ROM drive
A super-VGA monitor
An overhead projector
PowerPoint Viewer or PowerPoint 2000 or later
Internet access
Downloading the PowerPoint presentations
You can download the presentation files directly to the instructor machine, to a central
location on your own network, or to a disk.
1 Connect to www.axzopress.com.
2 Under Downloads, click Instructor-Led Training.
3 Browse the subject categories to locate your course.
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Introduction xi
Topic D: Support
Your success is our primary concern. If you need help setting up this class or teaching a
particular unit, topic, or activity, please dont hesitate to get in touch with us.
Contacting us
Please contact us through our Web site, www.axzopress.com. You will need to provide
the name of the course, and be as specific as possible about the kind of help you need.
Instructors tools
Our Web site provides several instructors tools for each course, including course
outlines and answers to frequently asked questions. To download these files, go to
www.axzopress.com. Then, under Downloads, click Instructor-Led Training and
browse our subject categories.
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xii Medical Terminology
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11
U n i t 1
Common root and musculoskeletal terms
Unit time: 30 minutes
Complete this unit, and youll know how to:
A Identify and define common roots and the
medical terms that are derived from the
roots.
B Identify and define musculoskeletal terms
and the roots that are used to create theterms.
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12 Medical Terminology
Topic A: Common root terms
Explanation Some medical root terms do not fit neatly into a particular body system, and yet are veryimportant to the general understanding of medical terminology. In this topic, you will
learn to recognize some of these common terms, and how to define various pieces of
medical terminology based upon them.
To simplify the learning of these terms, they are divided into several groups.
Group 1
The first group of roots and terms well consider includes the following:
Root Term Definition
Adeno Adenoma Gland tumor
Calculi Calculosis Stones
Cele Hydrocele Water cyst or tumor
Cyto Cytology Study of cells
Glyco Glycosuria Sugar in the urine
Homeo, homo Homeostasis Same environment
Adenoma
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Gland tumor Adeno: gland Ah-dee-no Greek aden Adenoids
Exhibit 1-1: Adenoma means gland tumor
Here is a word-association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Gland, sweat gland, sweaty dinosaur, a dino, adeno
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 13
Glands are organs, cells, or a group of cells that produce a secretory substance. Did you
know that insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, which is also an organ
considered to be a gland? Peptide is a protein molecule. Insulin cannot be taken by
mouth because protein-digesting enzymes in the digestive tract would rapidly deactivate
it.
Calculosis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Stones Calculi: stone Cal-cue-lie Latin calculi,meaning pebble
Calculator
Exhibit 1-2: Calculosis means stones
Here is a word-association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Stone, counting stones, math, calculus, calculi
Stones are any abnormal concentration within the body, usually composed of salts,
acids, or cholesterol. Did you know that bile, stored in the gallbladder, is mostly a
cholesterol-insoluble fatty substance? When this substance is too concentrated, it may
crystallize and form what are commonly called gallstones. Kidney stones are formed in
the urinary tract from the salt residue of minerals.
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14 Medical Terminology
Hydrocele
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Water cyst ortumor
Cele: tumor, cyst,and hernia
Sell Greek kele,meaning tumoror swelling
Celestial (heavenly)
Exhibit 1-3: Hydrocele means water cyst or tumor
A cystis an abnormal pouch of fluid or solids brought on by infection or clogged ducts.
A herniais the bulge of an organ through the wall of a sac that normally holds it in
place. And a tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue, usually of unknown origin.
Cytology
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Study of cells Cyto:cell Sigh-toe Greek kytos, meaning cell
Exhibit 1-4: Cytology means study of cells
A cellis the smallest structural unit of all animals and plants. It is responsible for
growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Cancer cells reproduce at a faster rate than
normal cells. Radiation is used to kill off cells by inhibiting reproduction, thereby
destroying cancer cells before normal cells.
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 15
Glycosuria
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin
Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Sugar in the urine Glyco:sweet, sugar Gl-eye-co Greek glyks
Exhibit 1-5: Glycosuria means sugar in the urine
Here is a mnemonic for this roots meaning:
Sugar, doughnut, "O," gee like "O," glyco
Sugar is a sweet-tasting carbohydrate, which is a molecule thats the main source of
energy.Diabetesis a hereditary disease caused by insufficient insulin, which allows
glucose to accumulate. At the beginning of the 19th century, physicians were unsure of
the cause of diabetes and treated it with laudanum, an opium-based preparation.
Homeostasis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear the
pronunciation.Sameenvironment
Homeoor homo:similar, same, orlike
Hoe-me-oh Greekhemores,meaning similar
Homogenize
Exhibit 1-6: Homeostasis means same environment
The word homeo is often used to classify people by various groups.Homeostasisis the
bodys state of stability, with all parts of the body working together to maintain normal
function.
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16 Medical Terminology
Group 2
The second group of roots and terms well consider includes the following:
Item Info Description
Lingua Linguaform Tongue
Lip Lipoma Fat tumor
Lith Lithotripsy Stone dissolve
Madaro Madarosis Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows
Psych Psycho Study of mind and mental processes
Pyo Pyogenic Pus producing
Radi Radiology Study of rays
Thermic Thermobiosis Exists at high temperature
Linguaform
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Tongue-shaped Lingua: tongue Ling-wha Latin linguae,meaning tongue-
like
Linguistic
Exhibit 1-7: Lingua means tongue
Here is a word-association phrase to help you remember this roots meaning:
tongue, eat, pasta, linguini, lingua
The tongue is an organ with taste buds that assists in chewing and shaping food for
swallowing. Morning mouth is caused by reduced salivation during sleep, which allows
projections on the tongue to trap food and bacteria.
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 17
Lipoma
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Fat tumor Lip: fat Lip Greek lipos,meaning fat
Liposuction
Exhibit 1-8: A lipoma is a fat tumor
Here is a word association for this root:
fat, fatty, fatty food, passes through your lips, lips
Fatis a molecule used as a reserve food or long-term fuel. It provides the body with
insulation, protection, and cushioning. Fats provide approximately twice the amount of
energy (calories) as carbohydrates and are therefore a good source of reserve energy.
Lithotripsy
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage
Click the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Stone dissolve Lith: stone Lith Greek lithos,meaning stone
Monolith
Exhibit 1-9: Lithotripsy means stone dissolve
Try to remember this roots meaning by using this mnemonic phrase:
Stone, speaking with stones in your mouth, lisp, lith
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18 Medical Terminology
Madarosis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows Madaro: falling hair Ma-dare-oh Greek
Exhibit 1-10: Madarosis means loss of eyelashes or eyebrows
Here is a word-association:
Falling hair, haircut, sharp cut, arrow, mad arrow, madaro
Madarosisis the loss of eyelashes or the hair of the eyebrows.Alopecia is a term used
in referring to general hair loss.Male pattern baldness is a condition caused by genetics
and is influenced by testosterone.
Psychology
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Study of themind and mental
processes
Psych: mind Sike Greek psyche,meaning mind
Psychiatry
Exhibit 1-11: Psychology means the study of the mind and mental processes
Here is a simple mnemonic phrase for this one:
Mind, circuit, cycle, T psych
The mind has to do with the mental or psychological. Psychotherapy is the treatment of
emotional, behavioral, personality, and mental disorders.
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 19
Pyogenic
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Pus producing Pyo:pus Pie-oh Greek pyon
Exhibit 1-12: Pyogenic means pus producing
Try remembering this root in this way:
Pus, yellow ooze, yellow, lemon, lemon pie, pie, pyo
Pusis white-blood-cell-based fluid, usually yellow in color and associated with
inflammation or infection. Did you know that healing wounds itch because damaged
superficial nerves send an itching impulse as they regenerate?
Radiology
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear the
pronunciation.Study of rays Radi: rays Ray-dee Latin radius,
meaning raysRadiation
Exhibit 1-13: Radiology means the study of rays
The word radiation is an example of how the medical term is used in everyday
language.
See if this mnemonic helps:
Rays, 4 letters, d is 4th letter, ray-d, radi
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110 Medical Terminology
A ray is any narrow beam of light. X rays are the bombardment of low-level radiation
through the body that is then recorded onto a silver-based plate. On a horrific scale, the
process is similar to the radiation burning of shadows into the concrete when atomic
bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in WWII.
Thermobiosis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage
Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Exists at hightemperature
Thermic: heat Ther-mick Greek therme,meaning heat
Thermostat
Exhibit 1-14: Thermobiosis means exists at high temperature
Try this word association:
Heat, temperature, thermometer, thermic
Heat, obviously, is the condition of warmth. Heat is lost from the body in a number of
ways: 55% through radiation, 24% through skin evaporation, 15% by convection and
conduction, 2% from respirations, and 1% from urine and feces.
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 111
Do it! A-1: Defining medical root terms
Questions and answers
For some of the terms, tryasking if any of thestudents remember themnemonic phrase.
1 What is the root word for sugar?
A Dacto
B Pyo
C Glyco
D Osteo
You can also ask ifstudents can think of theirown mnemonic devices.
2 What does the medical root word adeno mean?
A Gland
B Bone
C Foot
D Stone
3 What is the root of the medical term thermobiosis, and what does it mean?
Thermic, which means heat.
4 What is the medical root word for baldness?
A Ile
B Madaro
C Costa
D Radi
5 Do you remember the mnemonic phrase to remember psycho?
Mind, circuit, cycle, psych
6 What is your problem if you have a lipoma?
A You have a cancerous tumor.
B You have a severe case of dry chapped lips.
C You have a fat tumor.
D You have a misshapen tongue.
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112 Medical Terminology
Topic B: Common musculoskeletal terms
Explanation Now that you have finished the common medical root terms, you are now ready to moveon to the musculoskeletal terms.
Musculoskeletal termsThe following roots, terms, and definitions will be covered in this topic.
Root Term Definition
Arthro Arthritis Joint inflammation
Carpo Carpoptosis Wrist dropping
Chondro Chondromalacia Soft cartilage
Costa Intercostal Between ribs
Cranio Craniotomy Skull incision
Dactyl Dactylitis Finger inflammation
Ili Iliosacral Ilium and sacrum
Manus Manicure Hand care
Myel Myeloma Marrow tumor
Myo Myoedema Muscle swelling
Ortho Orthopedic Concerning deformities
Osteo Osteoplast Bone surgery
Pedi Pedicure Foot care
Spondyl Spondylitis Vertebra inflammation
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 113
Arthritis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Joint inflammation Arthro:joint Are-throw Greek arthron, meaning joint
Exhibit 1-15: Arthritis means joint inflammation
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Joint, arm bend, throw, r-throw, arthro
A joint, or articulation, is a point of juncture between two bones. The sound made by
cracking your knuckles is caused by pulling a joint tight, causing ligaments and muscles
to snap across the associated bony prominences, or by air creating a vacuum when the
joint is pulled apart.
Carpoptosis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear the
pronunciation. Wrist dropping Carpo: wrist Car-poe Greek karpos,meaning wrist
bones
Carpenter
Exhibit 1-16: Carpoptosis means wrist dropping
The wrist is the joint or region between the hand and the forearm. Carpal tunnel
syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve by the swelling of surrounding
tissue.
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114 Medical Terminology
Chondromalacia
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Soft cartilage Chondro: cartilage Con-droh Greek chondros, meaningcartilage
Exhibit 1-17: Chondromalacia means soft cartilage
Cartilage is specialized connective tissue that provides support and aids movement of
joints. Did you know that connective tissue is supportive, protective, fibrous tissue? The
most abundant tissue, it is named connective tissue because it connects other tissues.
Intercostal
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Between ribs Costa: rib Cost-uh Latin costae, meaning rib
Exhibit 1-18: Intercostal means between ribs
Here is a word association mnemonic for this root:
Rib, buying ribs, cost, costa
Twelve pairs of ribs form the thoracic cage. They are attached to the sternum, whose
primary function is to protect the lungs and heart. Rib pairs 1 through 7 are attached to
the sternum and vertebrae and are called true ribs. Eight through 10 are false ribs,
because they attach to the sternum with cartilage. Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs,
attached to the vertebrae only.
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 115
Craniotomy
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Skull incision Cranio meansskull
Crane-knee-oh Latin kranion
Exhibit 1-19: Craniotomy means skull incision
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Skull, houses brain, rhymes with brain, crane, cranio
The skull is the bony framework of the head. Did you know that the white bones of
laboratory specimens have been lightened in color? Living bones vary from pink or
beige to light brown.
Dactylitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Finger inflammation Dactyl: finger Dact-till Greek daktylos, meaning finger
Exhibit 1-20: Dactylitis means finger inflammation
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Finger, web fingers, duck, duct tail, dactyl
A finger is also known as a digit. It's one of five terminals of the hand, including the
thumb. The bones of the fingers are called phalanges, with two in each thumb and three
in each finger.
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116 Medical Terminology
Iliosacral
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Ilium and sacrum Ili: hip Ill-lee Latin ilium
You might need to
explain that the ilium isthe broad top portion ofthe hipbone and thesacrum is the posteriorwall of the pelvis.
Exhibit 1-21: Iliosacral means ilium and sacrum
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Hip, cool, temperature, ill, ill-e, ili
The hip is the fleshy part of the body around the pelvis. The hipbone is an irregular bone
formed by fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Manicure
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Hand care Manus: hand Man-us Latin manus,meaning hand
Manual
Exhibit 1-22: Manicure means hand care
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Hand, help, man (verb), manus
The hand is the end of the human arm past the wrist, containing the palm and fingers.
Did you know that to remove a ring from a swollen finger, you can use thread or a
suture fed through the inside of the ring and then wrapped around the swollen, soapy
finger. Pull the thread from the backside, causing the ring to move forward.
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 117
Myeloma
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Marrow tumor Myel:bonemarrow
My-el Greek myelos, meaning marrow
Exhibit 1-23: Myeloma means marrow tumor
Try using this mnemonic to remember the roots meaning:
Marrow, tomorrow, distance, mile, myel
Marrowis soft tissue in the interior of bones. The human body is composed of 62%
water, while bones are 20% water (located in the marrow). This is why bones are muchstronger than other tissues.
Myoedema
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Muscle swelling Myo: muscle My-oh Greek mys, meaning muscle
Exhibit 1-24: Myoedema means muscle swelling
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Muscle, contract, spread, mayonnaise, mayo, myo
Muscles are fibers that produce movement by contracting and dilating. We have over
650 muscles. This is an approximate figure because scholars disagree about whether to
count muscles individually or in pairs.
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118 Medical Terminology
Orthopedic
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Concerningdeformities
Ortho: straighten Or-thoh Greek orthos,meaning straight
Orthodox
Exhibit 1-25: Orthopedic means concerning deformities
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Straighten, hammer, Thor, or Thor, ortho
The word straighten is used in reference to surgical procedures requiring realignment of
bones and appendages. Did you know that rickets is a bone disease caused primarily
from vitamin D deficiency due to poor diet, inability to absorb vitamin D, or too little
sunlight? It is most common in children with darker pigmentation because their skin
does not absorb ultraviolet light as easily.
OsteoplastDefinition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage
Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Bone surgery Osteo:bone Ah-stee-oh Greek osteon,meaning bone
Exhibit 1-26: Osteoplast means bone surgery
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Bone, shell, oyster, osteo
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 119
Bone is the hard tissue that forms the skeleton. The largest bone in the body is the femur
(thigh), and the smallest is the stapes, a bone in the middle ear.
Pedicure
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Foot care Pedi: foot Peh-dee Latin pes,
meaning foot
Pedal
Exhibit 1-27: Pedicure means foot care
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Foot, pedal, pedia
The foot is the end of the leg past the ankle in humans that contains the toes and sole.
Did you know that flat foot refers to an abnormal flatness in the arch or sole of the
foot? It is a congenital condition of unknown cause.
Spondylitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.Vertebrainflammation
Spondyl: vertebra Spawn-dill Greek spondylos, meaningvertebra
Exhibit 1-28: Spondylitis means vertebrae inflammation
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Vertebra, spine, spin, spindle, spondyl
A vertebra is any of the bone segments of the spinal column. Vertebra comes from the
Latin word vertere, which means to turn on or pivot.
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120 Medical Terminology
Do it! B-1: Defining musculoskeletal terms
Questions and answers
1 What does the medical root myo mean?
A Muscle
B Marrow
C Cartilage
D Hip
2 What does the medical root ortho mean?
A Cartilage
B Vertebra
C Bone
D Straighten
3 Which medical root word means vertebra?
A Osteo
B Costa
C Spondyl
D Ortho
4 What does craniotomy mean?
A skull incision
5 Which medical term means marrow tumor?
A Iliosacral
B Intercostal
C Myeloma
D Myoedema
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Common root and musculoskeletal terms 121
Unit summary: Common root and
musculoskeletal terms
Topic A In this unit, you learned some common rootsand the medical termsand definitionsthat are derived from the root.
Topic B Next, you learned some common musculoskeletal roots and the medical terms that arecreated from the roots.
Review questions
Use the Web site http://medlineplus.gov to determine the definition and complete the
table for each of the following terms.
1 Cholelithiasis
Item Description
Definition bladder + stone + condition of
Meaning Condition of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
Signs and symptoms Right upper quadrant abdominal pain
Causes of the condition or procedure Concentration of salts and minerals in thegallbladder
Treatment Lithotripsy (breaking up stones by sound) orcholecystectomy (gallbladder removal)
2 Craniosynostosis
Item Description
Definition skull + together + bone + condition
Meaning Closed skull sutures in an infant
Signs and symptoms Unusual head shape
Causes of the condition or procedure Unknown
Treatment Surgery
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122 Medical Terminology
3 Myonecrosis
Item Description
Definition muscle + death + condition
Meaning A severe form of gangrene
Signs and symptoms Pain, fever, black or dark tissue
Causes of the condition or procedure Bacterial infection
Treatment Surgical removal
4 Myelomeningocele
Item Description
Definition spinal cord (marrow) + membrane + hernia
Meaning Another name for spina bifida, in which the spinalcanal remains open after birth
Signs and symptoms Protrusion of canal through back
Causes of the condition or procedure Unknown
Treatment Surgery
5 Osteoporosis
Item Description
Definition bone + porous + condition of
Meaning Condition of reduced bone mass
Signs and symptoms Fractures, pain
Causes of the condition or procedure Low estrogen and testosterone
Treatment Medication and exercise
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21
U n i t 2
Integumentary and digestive terms
Unit time: 30 minutes
Complete this unit, and youll know how to:
A Define terms for the integumentary system
that includes the skin, hair, sweat glands,
and nails.
B Define terms for the digestive system that
includes the mouth, stomach, intestines,liver, gallbladder, and all parts in between.
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22 Medical Terminology
Topic A: Integumentary system terms
Explanation The integumentarysystem includes the skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails. The digestivesystem is also called the alimentary canal and extends a distance of 30 feet from mouth
to anus. This includes your mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and all parts
in between.
The integument, or skin, is the largest organ in the body and is composed of two layers:
the epidermis and the dermis. These two layers sit on the subcutaneous tissue, which is
composed of loose connective tissue, adipose (fat) tissue, and dense connective tissue.
The functions of skin include holding the body together, protecting the body from
disease and infection, and regulating temperature.
The digestive system provides for digestion (break-up of food particles), absorption
(drawing up of nutrients into the blood stream), and elimination of waste.
Integumentary root terms A through O
Root Term Definition
Cutis Cutitis Skin inflammation
Dent Dentiform Tooth like
Derma Dermatology Study of skin
Hapsia Parapsia Touch disorder
Odont Odontoprisis Teeth grinding
Onco Oncology Study of tumors
Onychia Onychitis Inflammation of the nail bed
Cutitis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Skin
inflammation
Cutis:skin Cue-tis Latin cutis Cuticle
Exhibit 2-1: Cutitis means skin inflammation
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Integumentary and digestive terms 23
The word cuticle is an example of how the medical term is used in everyday language.
A blackhead occurs when a sebaceous gland becomes clogged. The blackness is not
from dirt but from the sebum being exposed to the air.
Dentiform
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear the
pronunciation.Tooth like Dent: teeth Dent Latin dens,
meaning toothDentures
Exhibit 2-2: Dentiform means tooth like
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Teeth, indent, dent
Nice-to-know information
Canine teeth are called eyeteeth because of their anatomical location directly under theeyes.
Dermatology
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Study of skin Derma: skin Dur-muh Greek derma, meaning skin
Exhibit 2-3: Dermatology means study of skin
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Skin, hide, deer, deer ma, derma
We shed about 1.5 pounds of skin per year. A 65-year-old man will have lost about 100
pounds of skin in a lifetime.
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24 Medical Terminology
Parapsia
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Touch disorder Hapsia: touch Hap-see-uh Greek haptein
Exhibit 2-4: Parapsia touch disorder
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Touch, feels good, happy, hapsia
A healing wound itches because new nerves replace old, damaged nerves. The sensation
of growing nerves is interpreted as an itch.
Odontoprisis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Teeth grinding Odont: teeth Oh-dont Greek odous, meaning tooth
Exhibit 2-5: Odontoprisis means teeth grinding
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Teeth, lie, Don't lie, Oh don't, odont
The expression "long in the tooth" refers to older people, because as we age, our gums
recede, causing our teeth to appear longer.
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Integumentary and digestive terms 25
Oncology
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Study of tumors Onco: tumor On-caw Greek onkos, meaning bulk or mass
Exhibit 2-6: Oncology means study of tumors
Nice-to-know information
Sunlight is as dangerous during the winter as it is during the summer, because the
number of ultraviolet rays remains constant year around. Ultraviolet rays are associated
with skin cancer. Malignant melanoma is the most serious of skin cancers, often
occurring in people with many moles. Oma means tumor, and melana means black,
referring to mole cancer.
Onychitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear the
pronunciation. Inflammation ofthe nail bed
Onychia: nail beds Oh-nick-ee-uh Greek onyx, meaning nail
Exhibit 2-7: Onychitis means inflammation of the nail bed
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Nail beds, flowerbed, flower, orchid, onychia
A hangnail has nothing to do with the nail. It is actually a torn cuticle. A cuticle is the
buildup of skin that surrounds the nail.
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26 Medical Terminology
Integumentary terms P through Z
Root Term Definition
Pedicular Pediculosis Condition of lice
PrurigoPruritis Itching inflammation
Psora Psoriasis Condition of itch
Sarco Sarcolysis Decomposing flesh
Sclero Sclerogenous Hardening tissue
Squama Squamous Scale-like
Tricho Trichoid Hair-like
PediculosisDefinition Root Pronunciation Origin
Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Condition of lice Pedicular: lice Puh-dik-you-ler Latin pediculus
Exhibit 2-8: Pediculosis means condition of lice
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Lice, strange, bug, odd, peculiar, pedicular
Lice are small parasitic insects that live in, on, or near the human body. Head lice live
on the hair and scalp. Crab lice live in the pubic area and sometimes the beard or
mustache. Body lice inhabit the seams of clothing next to the body. Special shampoos
and creams can kill head and pubic lice, and body lice can be eliminated with showering
and laundering the clothing.
It's also possible to cure head lice by using vegetable oil to smother the lice and then
combing out the nits (or lice eggs, attached to the hairs) very carefully with a special
comb called a nit comb. Many parents prefer to use this technique on children rather
than using insecticides.
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Integumentary and digestive terms 27
Pruritis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Itching inflammation Prurigo: itching Pru-rig-oh Latin prurigo
Exhibit 2-9: Pruritis means itching inflammation
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Itching, buggy, bug, beetle, pro Beatle, pro Ringo, prurigo
Nice-to-know information
Mosquito bites itch because of the mosquito's saliva. The saliva keeps the blood from
clotting until the bug gets its fill. When the mosquito flies away, the saliva seeps into
surrounding tissues. The body identifies the saliva as a foreign substance and signals an
itch to the brain.
PsoriasisDefinition Root Pronunciation Origin
Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Condition of itch Psora: itch Sore-uh Greek psoros, meaning itch
Exhibit 2-10: Psoriasis means condition of itch
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28 Medical Terminology
Sarcolysis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Decomposingflesh
Sarco: flesh s-ark-oh Greek sarx orsark, meaningflesh
Sarcophagus
Exhibit 2-11: Sarcolysis means decomposing flesh
Nice-to-know information
Collagenous fibers make meat tough. When the meat is boiled, these collagenous fibers
become gelatinous. That is why soup or stew meat becomes tender as it cooks. Calcium
may be used to tenderize meat because it, too, helps break down fibrous protein.
Calcium is also recommended for bee and jellyfish stings. Conversely, the addition of
tannic acid causes collagen to become firm and rigid. This is what is done to make
tough leather products.
Sclerogenous
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear the
pronunciation.Hardening tissue Sclero: hard s-clear-oh Greek skleros
Exhibit 2-12: Sclerogenous means hardening tissue
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Hard, decided, clear, clear+o, sclero
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Integumentary and digestive terms 29
Nice-to-know information
Wrinkles are an accurate measurement of a person's age. Wrinkles begin in the 20s
around the face, mouth, and eyes. Crow's-feet (wrinkles at the outer aspect of each eye)
usually appear by the 30s. The 40s give way to new lines between the eyebrows and in
front of the ears. The 50s show wrinkles on the chin and the bridge of the nose. The 60s
and 70s show wrinkles on the upper lip, and all previous wrinkles become more
pronounced. In the 80s the ears become elongated.
Squamous
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Scale like Squama: scaly Skwah-ma Latin squama, meaning scale
Exhibit 2-13: Squamous means scale like
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Scaly, fish, worm, squirm, squirm+a, squama
Squamous cells are normal cells within body tissue. They are flat, single-layered, andare wider than they are thick. In fact, under a microscope, they look like fish scales.
These types of cells are most often found in the lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymph
vessels, and in parts of the lungs, kidneys, and inner ear. The major function of these
cells is to permit diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.
Trichoid
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Hair like Tricho: hair Trick-oh Greek thrix
Exhibit 2-14: Trichoid means hair like
You can use this mnemonic to remember this roots meaning:
Hair, wig, fake, trick, tricho
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210 Medical Terminology
Nice-to-know information
If you never cut your hair, on an average it would grow to about 3-1/4 feet in length.
But if you never shed your hair, the length would reach about 24-1/2 feet.
Hair does not continue to grow when you die. Instead, the skin shrinks and makes the
hair under the skin visible and appear longer.
Do it! A-1: Defining integumentary terms
Questions and answers
1 What does the medical root term cutis mean?
A Nail bed
B Itching
C Hair
D Skin
2 What is the medical root word for hardness?
Sclero
3 Which term means scale like?
A Trichoid
B Sclerogenous
C Squamous
D Sarcolysis
4 What does pedicular mean?
A Hair like
B Itching
C Touch disorder
D Lice
5 Which integumentary term means skin inflammation?
Cutitis
6 What does the term pruritis mean?
A Touch disorder
B Itching inflammation
C Decomposing flesh
D Hardening tissue
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Integumentary and digestive terms 211
Topic B: Digestive system terms
Explanation Lets move on to the root words of the digestive system. Keep in mind, though, thatthese terms are the most commonly used, and many more less-used words exist.
Digestive termsThe following table contains the root words, the terms, and the definitions that will be
covered in this topic.
Root Term Definition
Chole Cholecystectomy Gallbladder excision
Colon Colitis Large intestine inflammation
Emesis Emetic Produces vomit
Entero Enteritis Intestinal inflammation
Gastro Gastritis Stomach inflammation
Glosso Glossopathy Tongue disease
Hepat Hepatitis Liver inflammation
Ile Ileitis Ileum inflammation
Laparo Laparotomy Abdomen incision
Myxo Myxoma Mucus tumor
Procto Proctology Study of diseases of the colon,rectum, and anus
Pyloro Pylorostenosis Pyloric narrowing
Stoma Stomatitis Mouth inflammation
Viscero Visceromegaly Enlarged abdominal organs
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212 Medical Terminology
Cholecystectomy
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Gallbladderexcision
Chole:bile Coal-lee Greek chole,meaning bile
Cholera
Exhibit 2-15: Cholecystectomy means gallbladder excision
Gallbladderis from the Latin word galbinus, which means greenish yellow. This isthe normal color of bile. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small
intestines to aid in the digestion of fat. When people have their gallbladders removed,
they must eat a low-fat diet. Bile is manufactured in the liver, so they are still able to
digest small amounts of fat but have a diminished storage capacity.
Colitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Large intestine inflammation Colon: large intestine Coal-on Greek kolon
Exhibit 2-16: Colitis means large intestine inflammation
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Large intestine, body part, body of people, colony, colon
The small intestine is about 20 feet long, and the large intestine is about 5 feet long. So,
why are the small intestines called small and the large intestines called large? These
descriptions refer to their diameters. The small intestine is approximately 1.6 inches in
diameter, and the large intestine is about 2.4 inches in diameter. The sections of the
large intestines are called the transverse colon, the ascending colon, and the descending
colon.
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Integumentary and digestive terms 213
Emetic
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Produces vomit Emesis: vomiting Emmy-sis Greek emein, meaning vomit
Exhibit 2-17: Emetic means produces vomit
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Vomiting, throw up, emit, emission, emesis
Vomiting is an obvious maneuver by the body to rid itself of harmful food particles. We
don't know why nausea and vomiting occur with morning sickness, motion sickness,
and migraines. A prolonged episode of emesis is called retching. Prolonged retching can
bring on a condition known as a Mallory-Weiss tear. This is an actual rip in the stomach
lining.
Enteritis
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage
Click thesound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Intestinalinflammation
Entero:intestine
En-tear-oh Greek enteron,meaning intestine
Enter
Exhibit 2-18: Enteritis means intestinal inflammation
Try this mnemonic to remember this roots meaning:
Intestine, inside, enter, entero
Primary digestion takes place in the small intestines, while water reabsorption occurs in
the large intestines.
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214 Medical Terminology
Gastritis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Stomach inflammation Gastro: stomach Gas-tr-oh Greek gaster meaning belly
Exhibit 2-19: Gastritis means stomach inflammation
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Stomach, stomachache, gas, gastro
Hunger pains usually occur about 10 hours after a stomach is empty. When the stomach
is empty, peristaltic waves (movement that causes food to travel through the intestines)
cease. In 10 hours the waves usually start again, causing the sense of hunger pains or
intestinal movement without any food to move.
Glossopathy
Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usageClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Tongue disease Glosso: tongue Gloss-oh Greek glossa,meaning tongue
Glossary
Exhibit 2-20: Glossopathy means tongue disease
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Tongue, silver-tongued, glossy, glosso
Nice-to-know information
Bulimia and anorexia nervosa are eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by
starvation and subsequent vitamin deficiencies. Bulimia is characterized by a gorging on
food followed by self-induced vomiting, which may cause tongue disease, or
glossopathy.
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Integumentary and digestive terms 215
Hepatitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Liver inflammation Hepat: liver He-pat Greek hepatikos, meaning liver
Exhibit 2-21: Hepatitis means liver inflammation
In an infant, the liver accounts for the large-looking abdomen, occupying about 40% ofthe abdominal cavity and about 4% of the total body weight. In adults, it accounts forabout 2.5% body weight and 25% or less of the abdominal cavity, depending on the
obesity of the adult.
Ileitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Ileum inflammation Ile: ileum Il-lee Latin ileum
Exhibit 2-22: Ileitis means ileum inflammation
The ileumis the last of the three sections of the small intestines. The other two sectionsare called the duodenum and thejejunum. Duodenum means, in Greek, twelve fingers
wide, referring to its length. Jejunum is Latin for fasting intestine because this
portion was always found empty during an autopsy.
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216 Medical Terminology
Laparotomy
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Abdomenincision
Laparo: abdomen Lap-uh-row Greek lapara, meaning flank
Exhibit 2-23: Laparotomy means abdomen incision
Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this roots meaning:
Abdomen, lower abdomen, lap, laparo
The term bowelrefers to the digestive tract below the stomach, which consists of the
large and small intestines, rectum, and anus.
Myxoma
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Mucus tumor Myxo means mucus mix-oh Greek myxa
Exhibit 2-24: Myxoma means mucus tumor
Nice-to-know information
Mucus is formed from saliva and other nasal secretions. Morning mouth is caused by
reduced salivation during sleep. The small papillae (bumps on the tongue) trap food and
bacteria. The bacteria leads to the associated bad breath of morning mouth.
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Integumentary and digestive terms 217
Proctology
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Study of diseases of thecolon, rectum, and anus
Procto: anus orrectum
Prock-toe Greek proktos, meaning anu
Exhibit 2-25: Proctology means the study of diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus
More than half of all cancers of the bowels occur in the rectum. Colorectal cancer is
second only to lung cancer as the most prevalent type of cancer. (Notice how the root
words colon and rectum are combined to form colorectal.)
Pylorostenosis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Pyloric narrowing Pyloro: gatekeeper Pie-lore-oh Greek pylorus
Exhibit 2-26: Pylorostenosis means pyloric narrowing
The pylorus is known as a gatekeeper because it holds food in the stomach until it is
adequately digested and ready to enter the small intestines.
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218 Medical Terminology
Stomatitis
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Mouth inflammation Stoma:opening or mouth Stow-muh Greek stoma, meaning mouth
Exhibit 2-27: Stomatitis means mouth inflammation
Although the termstoma means mouth, is not commonly used to refer to the anatomicalmouth. It is usually used in reference to a surgical opening such as the stoma of a
colostomy.
Visceromegaly
Definition Root Pronunciation OriginClick the
sound icon to hear thepronunciation.
Enlarged abdominal organs Viscero:bodyorgans
Vis-ur-oh Latin viscus, meaninginternal organs
Exhibit 2-28: Visceromegalymeans enlarged abdominal organsAlthough many people know that the pancreas is responsible for releasing insulin into
the blood stream, not many know that it is also very important in the process ofdigestion. The pancreas is connected to the biliary tree, along with the liver and
gallbladder, and produces important digestive juices that empty into the large intestines
and aid in the process of digestion and absorption.
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Integumentary and digestive terms 219
Do it! B-1: Defining digestive system terms
Questions and answers
1 What is the root word for stomach?
A Entero
B Procto
C Gastro
D Pyloro
2 What does the medical root word hepat mean?
A Liver
B Ileum
C Body organ
D Tongue
3 What is glossopathy?
Tongue disease
4 What is the meaning of the medical root word myxo?
A Mucus
B Abdomen
C Large intestine
D Gallbladder
5 What is does the following graphic illustrate?
A mucus tumor
6 Which digestive term means the study of diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus?
A Cholecystectomy
B Visceromegaly
C Oncology
D Proctology
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220 Medical Terminology
7 Which Digestive Term Means Intestinal Inflammation?
A Emetic
B Colitis
C Enteritis
D Ileitis
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Integumentary and digestive terms 221
Unit summary: Integumentary and digestive
terms
Topic A In this unit, you defined the roots and medical terms for the integumentary system,which includes skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.
Topic B Next, you defined the roots and medical terms for the digestive system, which includesthe mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and all parts in between.
Review questions
Use the Web site http://medlineplus.gov to determine the definition and complete the
table for each of the following terms.
1 Onychomycosis
Item Description
Definition Nail + fungus + condition of
Meaning Nail fungus infection
Signs and symptoms Discolored crumbling of the nail
Causes of the condition or procedure Tight shoes, damp or moist skin, nail injuries
Treatment Oral medication
2 Sarcoidosis
Item Description
Definition Flesh + like + condition
Meaning Disease of various tissues of the body
Signs and symptoms Fatigue, weight loss, skin sores, enlarged organs
Causes of the condition or procedure Unknown
Treatment Often resolves without treatment
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222 Medical Terminology
3 Trichinosis
Item Description
Definition Hair (worm) + condition of (roundworms werereferred to as trichinae because the roundwormresembled hair)
Meaning Roundworms
Signs and symptoms Abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever
Causes of the condition or procedure Eating raw meat
Treatment Resolves without treatment
4 Gastroschisis
Item Description
Definition Stomach + hernia
Meaning Stomach herniation
Signs and symptoms Lump in the abdomen
Causes of the condition or procedure Congenital (born with it)
Treatment Surgery
5 Hepatomegaly
Item Description
Definition Liver + enlarged
Meaning Large liver
Signs and symptoms Right side of enlargement below ribs
Causes of the condition or procedure Hepatitis, alcoholism, other diseases affecting theliver
Treatment Depends on the disease
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Integumentary and digestive terms 223
6 Use the following clues to complete the crossword.
ACROSS:
3. Nail bed
4. Teeth grinding
6. The root of ileitis
DOWN:
1. Touch disorder
2. The root of the term parapsia
3. The term that means the study of tumors
5. The definition of dent
1 2
P H
3
O N Y C H I A I A
N R P
C A S
4 5
O D O N T O P R I S I S
L O S A
6
O O I L E
G T A
Y H
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