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Preston Montford, Shrewsbury
Advanced Wind Weekend
April 2008
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Introductions…
V3 Power: Aran Eales, Tom Dixon,
Richard BridleRES:
Who are you?
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Energy Usage UK
Fuel Used in Electricity Generation
in the UK: 1999
Renewable Sources Used to Generate Electricity: UK
2000
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Benefits of Wind:• Available away from the power grid • Pollution free, • Sustainable• Doesn’t require fuel• Doesn’t create green house gases• Small land use required (2% on
farmlands)• Community Ownership, people
empowered
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Drawbacks of wind
• Capital intensive• Wind is unreliable• Carbon Impact of build materials (Danish
wind energy association say energy payback less than a year on good site)
• Geographical/Location constraints• Danger to wildlife- siting needs to be
considered in relation to flight patterns
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WIND - Air in a hurry…Solar energy creates pressure differences Air moves from high to low pressure causing wind
World Wind PatternsBoundary Layer Effect
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World Wind Resource
• 1200 TW World Resource•10TW Theoretically recoverable•Worlds Energy Consumption 1.3TW•Huge potential resource
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Wind Speed Map of UK
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Persian (2000 b.c)
Direction of Prevailing Wind
Drag machine - used for grinding corn
History of Wind Power
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Cretean Turbine
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Wind Pumps
•Developed in 19th Century•Enabled colonisation of Australian outback•Still used widely in Africa
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Early Electricity
Source www.windpower.dk
• End of 19th Century
• Used to charge batteries
• 12kW
• 12m blade diameter
• Development abandoned due to cheap fossil fuels
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1970s and 80s
• 75kW Vestas• 1983• grid-connect
70s oil crisis renewed interest in wind power - especially in California, Denmark and Holland.
• 15kW Polenko• 1983• stand-alone
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1990s• In late 80s
renewable generation subsidised through NFFO
• Cemmaes wind farm - first in UK
• In 2003 300kW machines replaced with 850kW
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Small Scale 2000+
Source Proven Engineering
• Suited for remote power supplies
• 600W Proven
• 2.4m rotor diameter
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The Biggest Turbine Ever Built
• 5MW
• 126m rotor diameter
• Installed off the coast of Scotland
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POWER AVAILABLE IN THE WIND
Equations you should know:
K.E. = 1/2 mv2
Mass = density x volume
Distance = speed x time
K.E. = 1/2 mv2
K.E. = ½.(.V).v2
K.E. = ½.(.A.D).v2
K.E. = ½.(.A).(v.t).v2
K.E. = ½..A.v3.t
Power = Energy = 1/2 A v3
Time
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Power = 1/2 A v3
Increase diameter of blades:
Squared increase in power
Swept area A = r2
= /4 d2
(doubling size of blades gives 4 times as much power)
Cubic increase in power
(If windspeed doubles, you get 8 times as much power)
Increase wind speed:
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Tip Speed Ratio (TSR)
Windspeed
SpeedTipBladeRatioSpeedTip )(
Cp
TSR
TSR for our turbine is about 4 – depending on how well the blades are carved…
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Solidity
AreaSwept
AreaBladeTotalSolidity
High Solidity machines have low TSR and High Torque
Low Solidity machines have high TSR and low torques
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Turbine Characteristics - Efficiency
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The turbine we will build...
•Hugh Piggot’s Design:
www.scoraigwind.com
•500W Rated output
•2.4m blade diameter
•Materials available locally in most areas of the world
•Low Embodied Energy
•Man Power
•Recycled Materials
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Blades
Stages• Width• Twist• Thickness• Aerofoil• Wedges and Disks
Tools• Planes, chisels, mallets, ruler, pencils
Skills• Patience, accuracy
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Twist - DRAG
Wind
Blade Movement
Reflected Wind
DRAG
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Aerofoil - LIFT
Head Wind
Apparent Wind
Resultant Wind
Lift
Blade Motion
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Conservation of Energy
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Same for an Aerofoil
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Bernoulli Effect
Higher speed over the airofoil causes low pressure
Lower speed under the aerofoil causes high pressure
Pressure difference causes upwards force
This is LIFT
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Alternator
Components• 2 magnet disks• 1 Stator• Bridge Rectifiers
Jobs• Mould prep• Magnet positioning• Casting
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Faradays Law of induction
Passing a magnet over a wire causes a current to flow along the wire
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Alternator Theory
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Alternator Theory
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Alternator Theory
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Alternator Theory
One end of each coilis connected to the“ring neutral”
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Alternator Theory
One end of each coilis connected to the“ring neutral”
The other end is sent to a bridge rectifier
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Rectifier theory
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Coil connections
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Coil outputs
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Mounting and Tail
Materials• Bearing• Angle Iron• Steel Pipe• Nuts and Bolts
Skills• Welding• Grinding• Filing
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FURLING
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GOOD LUCK!