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Presented for: 5th Annual FTA Drug and Alcohol National Conference
March 18, 2010
Presented By: Robbie Sales
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In order to make a reasonable suspicion determination, the supervisor must evaluate the following:• Specific, contemporaneous and articulable
observations concerning appearance, behavior, speech, or body odors of the employee consistent with possible drug use or alcohol misuse.
Only one trained supervisor or company official is required.
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Loss of employee confidence/support
Jeopardizing employee’s ability to make a living
Do not like confrontation
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Possible loss of productivity
Lack of training on the referral process
Fear for personal safety
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Definition of reasonable suspicion
Definition of role and responsibility of supervisors
Recognition of signs and symptoms of drug use
Recognition of signs and symptoms of alcohol misuse
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Short-term indicators
Long-term indicators
Initiating, substantiating, and documenting the referral
Employee intervention
Recordkeeping/document event
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Observable physical evidence (drugs and paraphernalia)
Symptoms of druguse and/or alcoholmisuse
Bloodshot or watery eyes
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Flushed or very pale complexion
Extensive sweating or skin clamminess
Dilated pupils
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Constricted (pinpoint) pupils
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Unfocused, blank stare
Disheveled clothing
Unkempt grooming
Runny or bleeding nose
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Possible puncture marks
Wetting lips frequently – complaining of dry mouth
Nystagmus (involuntary jerky eye movement)
Sensation of bugs crawling on skin
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Hyperactivity – fidgety, agitated
Breathing irregularly or with difficulty – Physical
Nausea or vomiting – Physical
Slow reactions
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Unstable walking
Poor coordination
Hand tremors – Physical
Shaking - Physical
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Extreme fatigue, sleeping on the job
Irritable, moody
Suspicious, paranoid
Depressed, withdrawn
Lackadaisical attitude
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Slurred or slowed speech
Loud, boisterous
Quiet, whispering
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Incoherent, nonsensical
Repetitious, rambling
Clicking sound with tongue
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Rapid, pressured
Excessive talkativeness
Exaggerated enunciation
Cursing, inappropriate speech
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Inability to concentrate
Impulsive, unusual risk-taking
Lack of motivation
Delayed decision-making
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Diminished concentration
Impaired mental functioning
Reduced alertness
Significant increase in errors
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Odor of alcoholic beverage on breath or clothes
Distinct pungent aroma on clothing or person
Smell of cat urine
Strong chemical odor
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Long-term indicators may actually be the most reliable group of indicators to objectively document a performance or behavior problem associated with illicit drug use or alcohol misuse. However, long-term indicators may not be used to make a reasonable suspicion referral.
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Work performance problems (quality and quantity)
Personality changes• Moodiness• Aggressiveness• Depression• Fearfulness• Paranoia• Anxiety
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Chronic problems• Tardiness• Absenteeism (Mondays, after holidays,
andpaydays
• Leaves work without notice• Accidents• Poor judgment• Difficulty in concentrating• Gives improbable excuses for absences
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Personal hygiene and physical appearance
Social withdrawal
• Isolation
• Overreaction to criticism
• Lack of eye contact
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Flushing Dizziness Dulling of senses Impairment of
coordination, reflexes, memory, and judgment
Loss of inhibitions
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Staggering Slurred speech Double vision Sudden mood
changes Unconsciousness
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Alcoholism
Cancers of the liver,stomach, colon, larynx,esophagus, and breast
Brain damage
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High blood pressure,heart attacks, andstrokes
Alcoholic hepatitis andcirrhosis of the liver
Impotence and infertility
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Birth defects and FetalAlcohol Syndrome
Premature aging
Kidney damage
Pancreas damage
Stomach and duodenal ulcers
Colitis
Many others
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Headache
Nausea
Dizziness
Dry throat
Eye ache
Shaking
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Vision - ability to see the whole field of vision
Reaction time - ability to recognize and respond quickly
Concentration - attention span is limited
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Coordination - ability to physically control the vehicle is affected
Reflexes - the body’s ability to respond to the brain’s commands is slowed
Perception - the brain’s ability to recognize visual images is slowed
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Judgment - the person’s ability to make rational decisions is impaired
Comprehension - the brain’s ability to understand what is going on is impaired
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Concentration
Reflexes
Professionalism
Coordination
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Judgment
Politeness
Perception
Comprehension
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What driving skills are effected by alcohol use?
Is the alcohol found in beer, wine, and liquor the same? Do they have the same impact?
Can drinking coffee, taking a cold shower, or getting fresh air help a person get sober before reporting to work?
What is the difference between alcohol use and alcohol abuse?
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Reduces reaction time
Decreases awareness ofthe road
Lowers awareness ofvehicle control
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Reduces peripheral vision (tunnel vision)
Diminishes estimates oftime and distance
Impairs coordination
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Impairs judgment
Impairs concentration
Diminishes capacity to perform complex tasks
Reduces short term memory
Reduces awareness and perception of diminished skill levels
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Pot Grass Weed Joint Reefer Smoke Blunt Chronic
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Dope Roach Hash Bud Mary Jane Ganja 420
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Lung cancer
Toxic effects of chemicals in marijuana smoke
Effects of other unknown drugs added to joints
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Brain damage
Accelerated heartbeat
Increased blood pressure
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Decrease in body’s immune system
Birth defects
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The amount of marijuana required to generate a high depends on:
• THC content of the marijuana
• Individual’s weight, height, and body type
Driving skills are impaired for 4 to 6 hours after smoking one joint, but some people show effects for up to 24 hours
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The THC may stay in a person’s system for up to 30 days or longer
Any use is too much for the public transit professional
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What are common names for marijuana?
What health risks are associated with the smoking of marijuana?
How much marijuana is smoked before an individual is impaired?
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How long do the effects of marijuana remain after smoking a joint?
How long does it take for the drug to leave a person’s system?
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Accelerated heart rate
Constricted blood vessels
Dilated pupils
Increased blood pressure
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Nasal congestion
Runny nose
Disintegration of mucous membranes of the nose
Addiction
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Seizures
Cardiac arrest
Respiratory arrest
Reduced blood flow, can leading gangrene of the bowels (if ingested)
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Stroke
Death
Collapsed nasal septum
Severe allergic reactions
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Lack of appetite
Inability to sleep
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Paranoia
Anxiety
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False sense of power, control, alertness, well-being, confidence, and strength
Impulsive
Unpredictable
Paranoid
Reckless
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Restlessness
Anxiety
Depression
Exhaustion
Mental Fatigue
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Irritability
Paranoia
Intense craving for drug
Preoccupation with drug
Overall discomfort
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Short, intense high
Abrupt halt to high
Deep depression
Intense craving for more drug
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Coke
Blow
Snow
Speedball
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Freebase
Base
Rock
Snort
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Flake
Crack
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Eight-ball
Toot
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Passengers
Others on the road
Co-workers
Transit system
Public confidence
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Drug user
User’s family
User’s friends
Pedestrians
Society
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What are common names for cocaine?
Besides the addiction and physical risks directly related with cocaine use, what are other risks?
Who are the potential victims of cocaine use by public transit professionals?
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Why is crack considered so much more dangerous than cocaine?
Why do people become addicted?
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Restlessness
Irritability
Talkativeness
Tenseness
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False sense of alertness
Diminished concentration
Over self-confidence
Psychological addiction
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Hyperactivity
Violent behavior
Impaired judgment
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Brain damage
Suicidal depression
Hallucinations
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Depression
Confusion
Intense fatigue
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Synthetic drug
Stimulates movement and speed
Generates feelings of excitement
Results in nervousness, insomnia, and paranoia
Post use depression, fatigue, and inability to experience pleasure
Addictive
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Speed
Uppers
Poppers
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White crosses
Ecstasy
Dexies
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Meth
Bennies
Crank
YABA
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Crystal
Juice
Black beauties
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Relatively new to the US
Methamphetamine in tablet form
• Often candy-flavored
• Typically sold to children
Typically used at parties and raves (like Ecstasy)
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Methamphetamine can be manufactured from household items
• Primary ingredient is ephedrine or pseudoephedrine found in over-the-counter cough remedies
Limiting the purchase of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine-based cough remedies has limited the amount of meth manufactured in the States, but there are still those who make it here
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Makers of meth are untrained and unaware of the dangers posed by meth manufacture
• In particular, the chemicals used to make meth or that result as byproducts of manufacture, are toxic
• The places of manufacture are so suffused with toxic gasses that they are uninhabitable
• Some of the gasses produced are HIGHLY flammable…meth labs are a danger to both the makers and nearby residents
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What are common street names for amphetamines and methamphetamines?
Why are amphetamines so commonly used in the transportation industry?
What is the difference between amphetamines and methamphetamines?
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Relief of pain
Drowsiness
Restlessness
Indifference
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Relaxation
Slow reflexes
Accident prone
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Heroin
Black tar
Tar
Opium
Horse
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Morphine
Smack
Mexican brown
Tylenol-III
China white
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What are common street names for opiates?
How can opiates be obtained legally?
What other risk factors are associated with heroin use?
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Unpredictable behavior
Departure from reality
Memory loss
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Alters mood and consciousness
Disorientation
Disturbed perception
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Diminished concentration
Decreased sensitivity to pain
Extreme violence
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Impaired judgment
Temporary insanity
Suicidal behavior
Distorts hearing, smell,taste, touch, and visualsenses
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The intent of the program, as it applies to reasonable suspicion testing, is to provide supervisors with another resource to help them ensure that safety-sensitive employees are fit for duty
• Fitness for duty is a prerequisite for safety!
Supervisors are on the front-line in identifying substance abuse in the transportation industry
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Supervisors are not expected to be police or experts in substance abuse
Supervisors are expected to protect the safetyof the general public as well as employees
The supervisor’s role is to help orient, train, and inform employees about the policy, and to determine when there is reasonable suspicion for testing
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Supervisors are expected to determine fitness for duty, not what substances an employee may be abusing
Supervisors should not be concerned with the problems an employee is facing in his/her personal life unless it effects job performance and public safety
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Supervisors are expected to be able to articulate and substantiate specific behavioral performance or physical indicators of prohibited drug use and alcohol misuse; but it is not the supervisor’s responsibility to “diagnose” the individual
Supervisors must remember that a referral for a reasonable suspicion test is not an accusation. It is merely a request for objective data for use in identifying the underlying cause of observed behavior
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The interaction with the employee and all information about the test results should be handled with the strictest confidentiality, and with respect for the employee’s privacy
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Supervisor’s role
• Realization/awareness of potential problem
• Looks for presence of other indicators
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Supervisor’s should:
• Document changes over time
• Look for multiple indicators, since taken alone, each indicator could be caused by something other than substance abuse
• Document each reasonable suspicion testing referral as soon as possible following the observation
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Objective facts
Could another equally-trained supervisor come to the same conclusion
Less responsible not to require a test
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Non-confrontational
Non-accusatory
Never solicit a confession
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Private location
Think through what you are going to say
Anticipate questions/denials/threats
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Primary issue is safety
Inquire and observe
Review your findings
Verify facts
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Make the reasonable suspicion decision
Isolate and inform the employee
Transport the employee (optional)
Document events
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Minimize potential for conflict
Be respectful of employee’s right to privacy/confidentiality
Inform employee of need for test
Inform that purpose of test is to confirm fitness for duty
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Discuss circumstances that promoted you to make the referral
Transport employee to collection site
Transport employee home or back to work
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Denial of drug and/or alcohol use
Argue his/her fitness for duty
Argue circumstances leading to referral
Very cooperative
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FOCUS ON PERFORMANCE ISSUES!
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Mary has been with the company for two years. She has been a troublesome employee since she was hired. She always uses sick days as soon as they are earned and never volunteers for extra duty. She disappears into the ladies restroom during every layover. She keeps a thermos in the vehicle and is often observed drinking from it while in revenue service. Occasionally, Mary looks clammy and very pale. Sometimes she even appears to be disoriented and dizzy. When asked if she has a problem, Mary responds that she has recently undergone tests and she was diagnosed as a borderline diabetic.
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Bob has been the lead driver for the last ten years. Bob is known to enjoy a few beers after work and on the weekends. He is considered a good old boy that is enthusiastic about his job and is well-liked by the system employees. He is thought of as the best driver the system has ever had. During an evening public meeting regarding service change, Bob made a public presentation regarding the routes and schedules. Bob was flushed and sweating excessively. His eyes were bloodshot and watery. Bob’s speech was loud and his comments disoriented. Bob’s uniform was soiled and there was a peculiar odor about him. One supervisor thought Bob smelled of breath mints, while another thought Bob’s breath smelled of alcohol. When asked if he had a problem, he replied that he was nervous about public speaking.
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Leon has been a driver for two years. He has been observed hanging around a group of other young drivers that often complain about working conditions. He takes directions from his supervisors reluctantly. He often states that management has it in for him. He pushed the work rules to the limits and is considered a trouble maker. A supervisor overhears a rumor that Leon likes to party. Today he came to work wearing short sleeves; it is obvious that he had a bruise and a needle puncture mark on his arm. When asked, he responds that he gave blood.
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Amanda has been a dispatcher for two years. She is usually very upbeat and energetic about her work. Occasionally, she will get very depressed and it will last for days, but she usually bounces back to her normal self. One of her friends has mentioned to you that Amanda is bi-polar and that’s why she goes through cycles of being very happy and energetic to being depressed and lethargic.
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Amanda shows up for work today in an extremely good mood. She is very restless. She is talking so fast on the radio that the drivers are unable to understand her. She begins to get very irritated at the drivers for asking her to repeat the messages. As you’re walking by she starts screaming and cursing over the radio at a driver. When you go over to talk to her, you notice that her eyes are very dilated, she is breathing very fast, and her skin is flushed. She has a very strong chemical smell about her.
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Her doctors have changed her medication and she is not used to it.
She is tired of all the drivers picking on her on the radio. They all get together in the mornings and plan how they are going to get her fired.
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Robbie Sarles
will be available for questions
immediately following this presentation
PDW Room