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Presentation and AnalysisPresentation and Analysisof Dataof Data
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IntroductionIntroduction
The devices collecting data oftenresult in massive volume of data.Simply by looking at unorganized
data we can not deduce any results
from data instead we may getconfused.So we need to organize and
condense data into a shape that
can be readily understandable.For this purpose techniques like
Classification, Tabulation andGraphic Display are used.
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ClassificationClassification
The process of dividing a set ofobservations or objects intoclasses or groups in such a way
that:Observations or objects in the
same class are similar.
And observations or objects ineach class are dissimilar to thosein other classes.
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Graphical PresentationGraphical Presentation
The visual display of data in theform of points, lines, areas andsymbols is known as graphical
representation.
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Advantages Of GraphicalAdvantages Of Graphical
PresentationPresentationDiagrams are more attractive.Diagrams leave long lasting
impression on the mind of reader.
They make data intelligible at aglance.
Comparison is easy using
diagrams.An old proverb A picture is worth
thousand words.
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Types of GraphicalTypes of Graphical
presentationpresentationGraph is a representation of data by
continuous curve usually shown on agraph
Diagram is any one, two or three
dimensional form of visualrepresentation.Graphical Presentation
Graphs Diagrams
Linear
Area
cubic
Pie
Pictogram
Histogram
X-y Graph
Frequency Curve
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Linear DiagramLinear Diagram
Commonly known as bar graphs.The values are represented by
one dimension only i.e. length of
bar.They consist ofsimple bars,multiple bars and component
bars.Bars can be vertical or horizontal.
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Area or Two DimensionalArea or Two Dimensional
DiagramDiagramArea is proportional to the values
being displayed.
They are good for displaying data
for data values havingmoderately large variations.
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Area diagramArea diagram
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Cubic or Three dimensionalCubic or Three dimensional
DiagramDiagram
They are in the form of cubes orcylinders whose volumes areproportional to the values they
represent.They are used where variations in
data value are very large.
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Pie diagramPie diagram
They are in the form of circles andsectors.Angle / Area of sectors are in
proportional to the values they
represent.We use them when we need to
show the contribution of individualitems towards the total.
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Multiple BarsMultiple Bars
A multiple bar chart shows two ormore characteristicscorresponding to a common
variable.To bars are grouped together.
This is a good way of comparing
two or three type of information.Example are imports/exports of a
country , production of Products
and consumption of Raw
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Component BarsComponent Bars
Bar is divided into two or moresections, Proportional in size tothe component parts of total
being displayed.Each part is shaded differently.
Component bar charts are used
to display data whereaccumulative and percentages ofthe parts are known.
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Production Data of a weaving unitProduction Data of a weaving unit
Date Shift A Shift B Shift CTotal
Production
1/4/2009 1200 1000 1300 3500
2/4/2009 1600 1400 1500 4500
3/4/2009 1300 1200 1200 3700
4/4/2009 1200 1000 1300 3500
5/4/2009 1600 1400 1500 45006/4/2009 1300 1200 1200 3700
7/4/2009 1200 1000 1300 3500
8/4/2009 1600 1400 1500 4500
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Simple Bar GraphSimple Bar Graph
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Multiple BarMultiple Bar
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Component BarComponent Bar
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Component BarComponent Bar
(percentage)(percentage)
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Scatter GraphScatter GraphCapacitor Discharge Rate V =
10e-0.5tTime t, Seconds Voltage V, Volts
0 101 6.0653065972 3.6787944123 2.231301601
4 1.3533528325 0.8208499866 0.4978706847 0.3019738348 0.1831563899 0.111089965
10 0.0673794711 0.04086771412 0.02478752213 0.01503439214 0.0091188215 0.00553084416 0.00335462617 0.00203468418 0.001234098
19 0.00074851820 0.000453999
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Scatter GraphScatter Graph
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Scatter with line andScatter with line and
markermarker
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Frequency DistributionFrequency Distribution
The organization of data in a tableshowing the distribution of data intoclasses or groups with the numberof observations in each class or
group.Class Limits are defined as the
number of the values of thevariables which describe the class.
Suppose we have collected datawhich falls in the range of 1 to 50.then we can define the class limitslike 1-10, 11-20,21-30,31-40,41-50.
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Class Boundary is the precisenumber that separates on class from
other.Class boundary is located midway of
upper limit of a class and lower limit ofnext class.
E.g. take two classes 1-10 and 11-20 soclass boundary will be in the middle of10 and 11 so 10.5 will be classboundary.
Class Markis the mid point of aclass. A number that divides the classinto two equal parts.
It is obtained by adding the lower limit
and upper limit of class and dividing by2.
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Constructing FrequencyConstructing Frequency
DistributionDistributionDecide number of classes.Determine range of variation in
data.
Divide the range of variation bynumber of classes.
Decide where to locate the class
limit.Determine the class limits.
Distribute data in appropriate
class limits.
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MeanMean
Also called average or arithmeticmean.
Excel Formula AVERAGE(B1:B20)
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MedianMedian
Values that divides the data inexactly two portions i.e. half ofdata lies above median and half
of data lieas below median.Excel Formula
=MEDIAN (B1:B20)
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MODEMODE
Value in data set that occurs withgreatest frequency in the data.
Most repeated value.
Excel Formula=MODE(B1:B20)
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VarianceVariance
It provides an indication of thedegree of the spread in the data.
Greater the variance, greater the
spread.