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SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION FOR SUGARCANE

Precision Farming

With Jain Technology™

Why we need subsurface installation of laterals?n To facilitate the use of Mechanical cane harvesters and

still achieve a high irrigation efficiency. Harvester blades will not damage the laterals buried subterranean.

n To avoid damage to the drip laterals during harvest (even in manual harvest conditions).

n To facilitate the use of drip laterals for many seasons (7-10 years) even in conditions of heavy lodging of cane.

Irrigation of sugarcane

Installation of subsurface drip line

While installing SDI, there are some factors those need to be considered.

1. Depth of placement of Drip line. n Research reports are limited but are of great value for

any field operation.

n Drip lines have been placed at 30 cm below the surface (Huang et al. 1982) in Taiwan; at 10 cm below the surface by Moore and Fitschen, 1990 in Hawaii and Sirode et al. 2004 in Thailand.

n The main factors are soil type and volume of maximum root spread of cane. The possibility of cane root intrusion into the drip line or roots coiling over the drip line are main threats those need to be managed for the success of SDI performance.

n It is recommended to place the drip line at 10-15 cm below the surface. The two rows of cane setts are to be placed on either side of the drip line at 5-7 cm below the drip line (See Drip layout). This way the wetting area will fully encompass the root system and the drip line is protected from root intrusion to the extend possible.

2. Distance between drip linesn Distance between drip lines depend on the spacing of

cane rows which is to suit the spacing of the cutting blade of the harvester.

n A row to row spacing of 120 cm (4’) or 150 cm (5’) are practiced.

n Places where twin rows of cane on each 4 or 5’row is practised we recommend keeping one drip line in the middle of the twin setts (fig 1).

n Where a single line of setts are planted in each row the drip line is placed on one side of the setts (fig 2)

n If mechanical harvesting is not practiced drip lines can be placed in the middle of each pair of paired row planting.

3. Emitter spacing n Emitter spacing depends on soil texture as is the case

with surface drip systems; 20 or 30cm for light / sandy soils, for loamy/ medium soil 40 or 50cm and 60 or 70 cm for Heavy clayey soils.

4. Emitter dischargen Discharge is chosen based on the infiltration capacity

of the soil and the root volume that needs to be wetted.

n 2 or 4 lph emitters are recommended.

n 2 lph for 30 cm to 40 cm.

n 4 lph for 50cm to 60 cm.

5. Additional Precautions at the time of SDI installation

n Inclusion of collector pipe at the open end of lateral. A PVC pipe line of suitable pressure rating and diameter is installed in the trench at the open end of laterals and all laterals are connected to this PVC pipeline.

n The trench level of the collector pipe should be deeper than the trench level of the submain (should be 15-20 cm) giving rise to a gradual slope along the lateral lines from submain pipe.

n Both at the submain end and collector pipe end Air cum vacuum breaker (AVBV) along with a flush valve should be provided at each section.

n Provide a pressure check points at each section both at the submain side and collector pipe side.

n As much as commercially possible reduce the area under each section. This would bring in more check points and vacuum break points. Short sections can easily and effectively be flushed also.

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRIP

What is subsurface drip Irrigation (SDI)?ASAE (S526.1) defines subsurface drip irrigation as “application of water below the soil surface through emitters, with discharge rates generally in the same range as drip irrigation.”

SDI have been in use for 15-20 years. It began in Hawaii for Sugarcane. South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe have been covering large areas for the last 10 years. Some 30 crops- Vegetables, Sugarcane, Corn, Wheat – are irrigated by SDI.

Basic requirementsn Placement of drip laterals below specified depths – at the normal tillage depth or

any suitable depth that would ensure repeated use of the laterals for many years.

n Placement of drip laterals is either manual or with the aid of installation equipment.

Drip Layout for Subsurface

15 cm 15 cm20cm

Polytube

5 cm 5 cm

120 cm (4ft)

160 cm

35-40 cm35-40 cm

n If such sections are not possible divide the sections and provide a flush valve and AVBV assembly at each section. This would help in increasing the velocity of flushing.

n Encourage farmers to obtain water meters for each SDI system.

n In case where long running laterals are essential try using 20 mm lateral.

n Farmer shall be given a chart noting the flow through every section and pressure at various check points.

n If possible farmer shall be supplied with pressure check assembly. These things are necessary to diagnose the system performance.

6. Position of the orificen When installing Turbo aqura care should be taken

to keep the yellow line and hence the orifices facing above

Irrigation schedule for Sugarcane in SDITable 1. A model irrigation schedule for SDI

Sr. No. Month Net daily

ETP, mm

Daily water requirement,

mm/day

Daily water requirement @ 90% efficiency, mm/day

Daily WR litre l/acLit/AC

Pumping timemts/section

(1 sect =1 ac)

rounded to nearest

5 minutes1 JAN 4.74 0.37 0.42 1706 6 5 mts

2 FEB 5.78 0.78 0.86 3512 13 15 mts

3 MAR 6.80 2.04 2.26 9182 34 35 mts

4 APRIL 7.66 4.02 4.47 18099 67 1hr 10mts

5 MAY 7.74 5.26 5.84 23673 88 1.5 hr

6 JUNE 5.60 5.04 5.60 22663 84 1.5 hr

7 JULY 4.67 5.14 5.71 23136 86 1.5 hr

8 AUGUST 5.16 6.19 6.88 27850 103 1hr45 mts

9 SEPT 5.03 5.53 6.15 24897 92 1.5 hr

10 OCT 5.35 4.28 4.75 19263 71 1hr 10mts

11 NOV 4.83 3.62 4.02 16300 60 1hr

12 DEC 4.35 2.35 2.61 10574 39 40 mts

# Sectional area is 1 ac. Design discharge is 4.5 lps. The irrigation schedule may be changed according to location and different sowing dates based on the pan

Evaporation of the Location. Irrigation schedule to be followed after germination of setts to reach saturation

Jain Turbo Top®

S Available discharge rates – 1.1 & 1.7 lph

S Injection moulded silicone rubber compensates with pressure and discharge gives uniform performance.

S Anti Syphone feature (optional) prevents suction of sand and silt particles inside the dripper.

S Cascade labyrinth gives strong, self-cleaning turbulence.

S Available in 16 & 20mm nominal diameter. (12, 16 & 20 mm in Thin Wall option)

S Suitable for surface as well as subsurface installations.

3-D inlet filter enables clog free

operation

Weirdoutlet to prevent

entry of roots

Injection mould-ed silicone diaphragm

Long and wide cascade flow path

More Crop Per Drop®

Why Jain Drip Irrigation ?Water is not the only need of the plant. To uptake this water efficiently, it requires proper air-water balance within the root zone. Drip irrigation, with its low application rate, prevents the saturation of water within the root zone and continuously maintains field capacity. This provides a favorable condition for the growth of the plant. Drip irrigation also helps to use fertilizer efficiently. With drip irrigation water can be provided at frequent intervals which helps maintain required soil moisture level within the vicinity of the plant roots. Jain is the pioneer of drip irrigation. Ours is the only company in the world, which fulfills your entire irrigation system requirement under one roof.

Characteristics of drip irrigation1. Water is applied at a low rate to maintain

optimum air-water balance within the root zone.2. Water is applied over a long period of time.3. Water is applied to the plant and not to the land.4. Water is applied at frequent intervals.5. Water is applied via a low pressure network.

ONE STOP SHOP for Your Micro Irrigation NeedsJain Turbo Excel®

S Five Star rated dripline from worlds reknowned institute IRSTEA (Cemagref), France.

S Available discharge rates - 0.85, 1.2, 1.6, 2.1, 4 lph @ 1kg/cm².

S 12, 16, 20, 25 mm nominal diameter.

S Dripper Spacing 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75,90 cms.

Innovative Cascade

Labyrinth

Double flow regine wich does continuous flushing of small particles.

Weir structure to prevent entry of sand particles in flow path

Computerized Continuous online quality checks for consistent performance

Computerized online checks for

emitter spacing

Unique 3-D inlet filter enable clog free operation.

© Copyright

Turboline PC®

J-Turbo Line® Super

S Available discharge rates (at 1kg/cm²)

12mm - 2.2, 4 lph

16mm - 4, 8 lph

20mm - 2.2, 4, 8 lph

S Availabe in 12, 16 & 20 mm nominal diameter.

S Suitable for surface as well as subsurface installations.

S Available discharge rates - 1.4, 1.8, 2.6 & 4.0 lph within pressure regulation range of 0.7 to 3 kg/cm².

S Injection moulded silicone rubber compensates with pressure and discharge gives uniform performance

S Application on undulating land/ Terrains/ Steep slopes.

S Available in 16 & 20 mm nominal diameter.

S Suitable for surface as well as sub-surface installation.

S Application where ever longer lateral length is necessary.

S Conforming to IS 13488, ISO 8261 Standard.

Diametrically placed multiple

inlet filters

Smooth hydrodynamic design minimizes frictional losses & helps for longer lateral running length.

Injection moulded silicone diaphragm

Duel outlets to break vaccum & prevents soil suction

More Crop Per Drop®

Jain Filtration EquipmentOnline Dripper & Spray Heads

Jain Rainport / Micro Sprinkler

Jain Fertigation Equipment

Automation EquipmentJain PVC/PE Pipes & Fittings

Largest Choice ! Customized Irrigation Solution

ONE STOP SHOP for Your Micro Irrigation Needs

Straight and wide labyrinth design makes

the dripper truly clog resistant.

Hydrodynamically designed cascade tooth structure helps to create double flow regime for continuous flushing of dirt.

High precision inlet filters on opposite side prevents entrance of fine particles

Laser Drilled Multiple Outlet Holes

Computerized online checks for

emitter spacing

Hydrodynamic through bore design provides least obstruction to flow.

Fertigation

Fertigation should be practiced for high yields and quality. In SDI application of solid fertilizers to the surface soil will be of little use; as the wetting zone is subterranean. Therefore except for initial basal dose of P which gets mixed in the top soil during final ploughing, all subsequent doses have to be injected through the drip system.

Fertigation of sugarcane –plant canen 10-15 t of organic manure should be applied at land

preparation to the soil

n Fertigation schedule can be modified for each Sugar Factory recommendation as and when required.

n Fertigtation period is from planting to 265 days. Fertigtation is to be done every 2 days.

n The nature of Subsurface drip needs phosphate also in soluble form. Therefore total P is given part as SSP (basal soil application) and rest as MAP thru fertigation.

Fertigation Schedule For Sugarcanen N and K from conventional sources of urea and white

potash.

Fertigation of Sugarcane-Ratoonn 10-15 t of organic manure to be applied at first

earthing- up in each ratoon.

n A 25% increase of fertilizer quantities are generally recommended for the ratoon crops.

n Keeping the same fertigation schedule the fertilizer doses have to be increased accordingly for the ratoon crop.

n In case of multiple ratoons (up to 9) a soil test is recommended after every 3 ratoons and fertilizer quanta needs to be adjusted based on available nutrients in the soil.

FERIGATION SCHEDULE FOR SUGARCANE FERTIGATION IS RECOMMENDED ONCE IN TWO DAYS

S.No Duration in Days

DOSE of UREA once in 2 days

kg/ac

Total UREA Doses

DOSE of MAP once in 2 days kg/ac

Total MAP Doses

DOSE of MOP once in 2 days

kg/ac

Total MOP doses

1 15 to 30 5.14 7 0 0 0.4 7

2 31 to 105 2.75 38 0.74 38 0.4 38

3 106-207 1.44 50 0 0 0.46 50

4 207-255 1.2 25 0 0 1.8 25

5 256-265 0 0 0 0 2.8 5

MAP; Monoammonium phosphate

MOP; Muriate of Potash.

Maintenance of Subsurface Drip System

Subsurface drip system needs all the maintenance measures as the surface system and more. In SDI adjustments of flow rate and pressure are not possible after installation.

A. Regular Flushing and cleaningn Flush submain and lateral open end collector pipe (A

PVC pipe to which all lateral free ends are connected ) every 3 days.

n Check the pressure of the system on laterals and tally with the design pressure. Any pressure difference of Inlet & Outlet will indicate filter blockage. Take steps to remedy the situation.

n Clean the screen/disc filter daily before or after the irrigation.

n Backwash sand filter daily depending on the dirt load in the water.

n Drain the sand collector of Hydrocyclone filter daily.

n Clean the fertilizer tank of all debris after each event of fertigation.

n Undertake a well planned acid (for hard water irrigation) and Chlorine (for algal or bacterial slime).

B. Treatment Schedulen Treat with Chlorine to ward off root intrusion into

the tubes Or inject root guard (TRIFLORALIN) in the system.

C. Acid injection to remove salts settled into the system

n Dilute hydrochloric acid/Phosphoric acid are recommended. The procedure is same as for surface drip system. Acid injection for removal of salt from the system should be done as per existing plan.

n Acid & chlorine should not be injected on the same day.

n In case of regular fertigation the frequency of acid injection can be reduced.

D. Chlorine Injectionn Periodical injection of chlorine (50 ppm solution) (using

bleaching powder) is recommended for preventing root intrusion. Initially a frequency once in 15 days is recommended. Chlorine concentration is 50 ppm at Ventury and +5 ppm at the emission point.

E. Treflan (Trifloralin) treatmentn If the drip lines are already incorporated with treflan

(root guard) no need for injection of the chemical.

n In all cases at least one treatment with treflan is required at the beginning of a new crop (ratoon).

n Treflan is a chemical which will get fixed in soils. In clayey soils the fixation is very rapid. Therefore higher

concentration is required for root inhibition to get sufficient free treflan available around the emitting orifice.

n 0.125 ml of Trifluralin (Commercial sample of Treflan contains 477g/l of Trifloralin) per emitter is the required concentration. If there are 3000 emitters are available in an acre then 0.125 x 3000 = 375 ml treflan is require for one injection.

n For sugarcane crop an injection at the end of germination period (3 weeks after first irrigation) and a second at the end of growth or after harvest is recommended.

n Each time inject for short period of 5-10 minutes only.

n Irrigate only after 24 hours of Treflan treatment.

F. What is the remedy if root has intruded into the emitters ?

n If root intrusion has already occurred first inject chlorine at higher concentration; 20 ppm at dripper point.

n Follow this with an injection of Hydrogen peroxide (at the rate of 1 ml for 20 emitters) which will decompose the intruded root mass which was killed by the chlorine.

n Flush the system at higher pressure to get the root debris out of the system.

Benefits of SDIn SDI will result in a dry soil surface and inhibits weed

germination

n Reduces water consumption as evaporation is reduced.

n Maintains optimum soil moisture and Nutrients around the roots.

n Creates a low humid environment in the surface and results in low infection of crop by disease agents.

n Practically eradicates all chances for run off.

n Avoids soil crusting and surface compaction

n Prevents mechanical damage to the laterals

n Saves labour- low incidence of weed; provision for fertigation

Issues and Precautionsn Difficult to repair damages to laterals

n Accumulation of salinity on the top soil –re-translocation to deeper depths during rainy periods.

n Blocking of flow due to root entanglement –Preventive measures

n Root intrusion into emitting points- Preventive measures to be followed

Client Information

Considering the issues and the novelty of the technology in Indian conditions a detailed discussion with the client/user should be done before installing the SDI system.

MAINTENANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRIP SYSTEM

STAGES OF INSTALLATION AND CROP STANDWetting bulb development from Subsurface drip line

Germination Irrigation using Subsurface drip line

Uniform crop stand of cane with SDI

Installation of drip line using the Mechanical Device

Installation of drip line using the Mechanical Device

Drip line excavated after installation

Crop yields on depend on Climate, Soil and Management and therefore can’t be guaranteed by the company

JAiNART/Subsurface Sugarcane_Eng_6pg/0415/YP

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