Download - Practical pharmacology CNS
PRACTICAL PHARMACOLOGY2ND YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS
MODULE IX
BYDR. HAZEM ABO SHOUSHA
Main rules
•ABP: pressure of blood on arterial wall
ABP= COP X PVR
COP= HR X SV
Main rules
HEART RATE
β1
Main rules
M2
Main rules
β1 Agonist M2 blockerβ1 blocker M2
agonist
HEART RATE
Main rulesBLOOD VESSELS
α1
β2
M3
Main rulesBLOOD PRESSURE (Bl.V)
VCα1 agonistβ2 blocker
VDα1 blockerβ2 agonistM3 agonist
Main rulesBARORECEPTORS
VD
VC
NORADRENALINE
α1 β1
Observation: increased ABP with minimal effect on HR, which increases only with high doses
Explanation of effect of NE on ABP & HR: NE acts mainly on 1 receptors vasoconstriction PVR
With higher doses of NE, it activates also cardiac 1 receptors some increase in the heart rate
PRAZOSIN
α1 blocker
What is the effect of Prazosin on ABP and HR?
• it blocks 1 adrenoceptors vasodilationPVRABP•ABP slight reflex tachycardia
Noradrenaline cause very minimal in HR β1 stimulation minimal in BP
α1 β1 β2
ADRENALINE
Observation: ABP & HR late The ABP before returning to base line level Explanation of the effect of epinephrine on HR &
ABPEpinephrine stimulates 1 , 1, 2 adrenoceptors Beta receptors are more sensitive to the effect of epinephrine On heart: 1 activation +ve inotropic & chronotropic effects COP leading to increased ABPOn BV : - 1 activation vasoconstriction PVR.
- 2 activation vasodilatation PVR
•The net effect of these two opposing effects (1 & 2 ) on bl.v is an in PVR
(1 wins at 1st )
•At High concentration:
EPI stimulates 1 •At Low concentration:
EPI stimulates 2
Adrenaline Noradrenaline parameters
More increase Mild or no increase Heart rate
Less increase than noradrenaline More increase Blood pressure
BP decreases before reaching base line Reach base line directly BP before Base line
β1 blockerCardioselective beta blocker
ATENOLOL
Observation: blocking 1 receptors by atenolol blocks the effect of epinephrine on HR & decreases the effect on ABP
block alpha1 & beta1 receptors & then inject epinephrine
EPINEPHRINE REVERSAL:
The presser effect of epinephrine is reversed due to
1 & 1 blockade, leaving the 2 vasodilating effect acting
ABP
β1 + β2 blockerNon-selective beta blocker
PROPRANOLOL
How to confirm the cause of epinephrine reversal?
No epinephrine reversal since propranolol blocks not only cardiac 1 receptors but also vascular 2 receptors
What is the effect of propranolol on ABP and HR?
Propranolol mechanism as antihypertensive:1-Block β1 in heart so low COP BP2- central sympathetic discharge BP3- Block β1 in kidney Renin BP4- resetting of Baroreceptors BP5- Block β2 presynaptic NE release BP
β1 + β2 agonistNon-selective beta agonist
ISOPRENALINE
Observation: • Isoprenaline increases HR• Isoprenaline initially decreases ABP. • As HR reaches its maximum increase, ABP shows minimal increase before returning to normal Explanation for the effect of isoprenaline on HR
& ABP • Isoprenaline activates mainly beta adrenoceptor • It activates cardiac 1 receptors leading to increase in HR & force of contraction
(which increases COP)• Activation of 2 receptors—Vasodilation decrease in PVR • The net effect of the two factors (COP & PVR) is a decrease in blood pressure
initially.• However, when force of contraction is markedly elevated, the increase of COP
overcomes the effect of decrease in PVR and thus ABP starts to increase.
Design an experiment to prove the explanation for the effect of Isoprenaline on HR & ABP
Observation: atenolol abolishes the effect of isoprenaline on HR The initial ABP-lowering effect of isoprenaline is maintained, while its pressor effect is abolished
PROPRANOLOL FOLLOWED BY ISOPRENALINE
Observation: Propranolol blocks 1 & 2 receptors thus abolishes the effect of isoprenaline on ABP
α1 agonistselective Alpha agonist
PHENYLEPHRINE
Observation: Small dose phenylephrine leads to slight increase in ABP with no effect on HRHigh dose phenylephrine increases markedly ABP with decrease in the HR ( reflex bradycardia)
Explanation of the effect of phenylephrine on ABP & HR
•Activation of 1 receptors vasoconstrictionPVR
•High dose of phenylephrine marked elevation of ABP reflex in sympathetic activity. Parasympathetic activity will take the upper hand HR
prove the explanation of the effect of phenylephrine on HR and ABP
Observation: prazosin abolishes the effect of phenylephrine on ABP & reflex bradycardia disappears
prove that reflex bradycardia is due to relative increase in
parasympathetic activity
Observation: decreased HR is abolished by atropine despite of elevation of ABP
Nicotinic Nn , Nm
ACETYLCHOLINE ( Ach )
Muscarinic M1 , M2 ,M3
Observation: small doses of acetylcholine lower only ABPHigher doses produce both in the HR & more significant lowering of ABP
Explanation for the effect of acetylcholine on HR and ABP
•on heart: M2 activation - ve chronotropic effect COP
•on BV: endothelial cells M3 activation release of NO from vascular endothelial cells vasodilatation PVR• Decrease in heart rate & decrease in PVR lead to ABP
Inject ATROPINE & then test the effect of ACETYLCHOLINE
ACETYLCHOLINE REVERSAL 1. Inject a test dose of Ach2. Inject atropine
3.Inject the same dose of acetylcholine
4.Inject a dose of Ach which is 10 times the test dose
Explanation for acetylcholine reversal
• Atropine injection A parasympatholytic blocks muscarinic receptors. It blocks the effect of small dose of Ach.
• Ach injection [big dose] Stimulates nicotinic receptors Nn after muscarinic receptors have been blocked by atropine ABP
• Due to activation of Nn at : • Adrenal medulla release epinephrine BP• Autonomic ganglia release of catecholamines from post-synaptic adrenergic nerve endings BP
• The BP by Ach [big dose] after muscarinic receptor block [by atropine] Ach reversal
oAch reversal by : Nn receptorsoEPI reversal by : β2 receptors
Reversible anticholinesterase
S o A c h ‘ ’ a u g m e n t A c h e ff e c t ‘ ’
NEOSTIGMINE
prove the mechanism of action of neostigmine