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PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
1
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Functions of Muscular System
• Movement
• Posture Maintenance
• Joint Stability
• Heat Generation
2
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Three Types of Muscle Tissue
3
Skeletal Muscle • usually attached to
bones
• under conscious control
• striated
Smooth Muscle • walls of most viscera, blood
vessels, skin
• not under conscious control
• not striated
Cardiac Muscle • wall of heart
• not under conscious
control
• striated
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Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
4
Composed of:
- skeletal muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
- blood
- connective tissues
• fascia
• tendons
• aponeuroses
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Skeletal Muscle Structure
5
•Muscle cells called
muscle fibers wrapped
in endomysium
• Bundles of muscle
fibers called fasicles
wrapped in perimysium
•Many fasicles make a
muscle and are wrapped
in epimysium
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure
6
• Muscle fibers are long, thin cells made of myofibrils
• Myofibrils composed of 2 types of cytoskeleton
•Myosin – thick protein filaments
•Actin – thin protein filaments
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Skeletal Muscle Fibers
7
• sarcolemma - cell membrane
• sacroplasm – cell cytoplasm
• sarcoplasmic reticulum – endoplasmic reticulum
• transverse tubule - channel that is continuous with
sarcolemma and extends into sarcoplasm
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Sarcomere: Unit of contraction
8
• I bands – light area = actin only
• A bands – dark area = overlapping actin and myosin
• Z lines – dividing line between individual sarcomeres
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Special Features of Myofilaments
9
Thick Filaments = Myosin
• cross-bridges
Thin Filaments = Actin
• associated with
troponin and tropomyosin
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Neuromuscular Junction
10
Site where an axon
and muscle fiber meet
• motor neuron
• motor end plate
• synapse
• synaptic cleft
• synaptic vesicles
• neurotransmitters
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Motor Unit
11
• single motor neuron
• all muscle fibers
controlled by motor
neuron
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Stimulus for Contraction
12
• acetylcholine (ACh)
• nerve impulse causes
release of ACh from
synaptic vesicles
• ACh binds to ACh
receptors on motor end
plate
• generates a muscle
impulse
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Excitation Contraction Coupling
13
• muscle impulses cause
sarcoplasmic reticulum
to release calcium ions
into cytosol
• calcium binds to
troponin to change its
shape
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Excitation Contraction Coupling
14
• position of
tropomyosin is altered
• binding sites on
actin are exposed
• actin and myosin
molecules bind
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Sliding Filament Model of Muscle
Contraction
15
When cross-bridges
pull on actin the
sarcromeres shorten,
thick and thin
filaments slide past
one another
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Cross-bridge Cycling
16
When myosin is pulling
on the actin, ATP is
broken down into ADP
and phosphate.
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Relaxation
17
acetylcholinesterase – enzyme that rapidly
decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse
As a result:
• muscle impulse stops
• stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane
ceases
• calcium moves back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
• myosin and actin binding prevented
• muscle fiber relaxes
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Major Events of Muscle Contraction
and Relaxation
18
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Energy Sources for Contraction
19
• creatine phosphate – stores energy that quickly
converts ADP to ATP
1) Creatine phosphate 2) Cellular respiration
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Oxygen Supply and
Cellular Respiration
20
• Anaerobic Phase • glycolysis
• occurs in cytoplasm
• produces little ATP
• Aerobic Phase • citric acid cycle
• electron transport chain
• occurs in the
mitochondria
• produces most ATP • myoglobin stores extra
oxygen
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Oxygen Debt
21
• oxygen not available
• glycolysis continues
• pyruvic acid
•converted to lactic acid
• liver converts lactic
acid to glucose
Oxygen debt – amount of oxygen needed by liver cells
to use the accumulated lactic acid to produce glucose
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Muscle Fatigue
22
• inability to contract
• commonly caused from
• decreased blood flow
• ion imbalances across the sarcolemma
• accumulation of lactic acid
• cramp – sustained, involuntary muscle contraction
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Heat Production
23
• by-product of cellular respiration
• muscle cells are major source of body heat
• blood transports heat throughout body
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Muscular Responses
24
Threshold Stimulus
• minimal strength required to cause contraction
Recording a Muscle
Contraction
• twitch
• latent period
• period of contraction
• period of relaxation
• refractory period
• all-or-none response
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Summation
25
• process by which individual twitches combine
• produces sustained contractions
• can lead to tetanic contractions
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Recruitment of Motor Units
26
• recruitment - increase in the number of motor units
activated
• whole muscle composed of many motor units
• more precise movements are produced with fewer
muscle fibers within a motor unit
• as intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of
motor units continues until all motor units are
activated
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Sustained Contractions
27
• smaller motor units (smaller diameter axons)
- recruited first
• larger motor units (larger diameter axons)
- recruited later
• produce smooth movements
• muscle tone – continuous state of partial contraction
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Types of Contractions
28
• isotonic – muscle contracts
and changes length
• isometric – muscle contracts but
does not change length
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Fast and Slow Twitch
Muscle Fibers
29
Slow-twitch fibers (type I)
• always oxidative
• resistant to fatigue
• red fibers
• most myoglobin
• good blood supply
• many mitochodria
•“dark meat”
Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (type IIa)
• white fibers (less myoglobin)
• poorer blood supply
• susceptible to fatigue
•“white meat”
Fast-twitch fatigue-resistant
fibers (type IIb)
• intermediate fibers
• oxidative
• intermediate amount of
myoglobin
• pink to red in color
•resistant to fatigue
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Smooth Muscle Fibers
30
Compared to skeletal muscle fibers
• shorter
• single, centrally located nucleus
• elongated with tapering ends
• myofilaments randomly organized
• lack striations
• lack transverse tubules
• sarcoplasmic reticula not well developed
• 2 types
•Visceral – walls of hollow organs
• Multiunit – iris of eye & blood vessesels
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Smooth Muscle Contraction
31
• Resembles skeletal muscle contraction • interaction between actin and myosin
• both use calcium and ATP
• both are triggered by membrane impulses
• Different from skeletal muscle contraction • smooth muscle lacks troponin (replaced with calmodulin)
• two neurotransmitters (acetlycholine and norepinephrine)
affect smooth muscle
• hormones affect smooth muscle
• stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction
• smooth muscle slower to contract and relax
• smooth muscle more resistant to fatigue
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Cardiac Muscle
32
• located only in the heart
• muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs
• fibers branch
• network of fibers contracts as a unit
• self-exciting and rhythmic
• longer refractory period than skeletal muscle
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Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
33
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Skeletal Muscle Actions
34
• origin – immovable end
• insertion – movable end
• prime mover (agonist) –
primarily responsible for
movement
• synergists – assist prime
mover
• antagonist – resist prime
mover’s action and cause
movement in the opposite
direction
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Body Movement
35
Four Basic Components of Lever
1. rigid bar – bones
2. fulcrum – point on which bar moves; joint
3. object - moved against resistance; weight
4. force – supplies energy for movement; muscles
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Levers and Movement
36
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Life-Span Changes
37
• myoglobin, ATP, and creatine phosphate
decline
• by age 80, half of muscle mass has
atrophied
• adipose cells and connective tissues
replace muscle tissue
• exercise helps to maintain muscle mass
and function
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Clinical Application
38
Myasthenia Gravis
• autoimmune disorder
• receptors for ACh on muscle cells are attacked
• weak and easily fatigued muscles result
• difficulty swallowing and chewing
• ventilator needed if respiratory muscles are affected
• treatments include
• drugs that boost ACh
• removing thymus gland
• immunosuppressant drugs
• antibodies
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More Clinical Applications
39
• Moebius Syndrome
• “walking corpse syndrome” or
“stone face”
•Tendinitis
• Muscular Dystrophy
•Poliomyelitis
•Tetanus and Botulism
•Lou Gehrig's disease
• amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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Major Skeletal Muscles
40
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Major Skeletal Muscles
41
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Muscles of Facial Expression
42
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Muscles of Mastication
43
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Muscles of Facial Expression and
Mastication
44
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Muscles That Move the Head and
Vertebral Column
45
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Muscles That Move the Head
and Vertebral Column
46
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Muscles That Move the Pectoral
Girdle
47
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Muscles That Move the Pectoral
Girdle
48
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Muscles That Move the Arm
49
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Muscles That Move the Arm
50
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Muscles That Move the Arm
51
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Muscles That Move the Forearm
52
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Muscles That Move the Forearm
53
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Muscles That Move the Forearm
54
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Cross Section of the Forearm
55
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Muscles That Move the Hand
56
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Muscles That Move the Hand
57
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
58
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
59
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Muscles of the Pelvic Outlet
60
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Muscles of Pelvic Outlet
61
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Muscles That Move the Thigh
62
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Muscles That Move the Thigh
63
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Muscles That Move the Thigh
64
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Muscles That Move the Leg
65
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Muscles That Move the Leg
66
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Muscles That Move the Leg
67
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Muscles That Move the Leg
68
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Muscles That Move the Foot
69
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Muscles That Move the Foot
70
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Muscles That Move the Foot
71
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Cross-bridge Cycling
72
• myosin cross-bridge attaches
to actin binding site
• myosin cross-bridge pulls
thin filament
•ADP and phosphate
released from myosin
• new ATP binds to
myosin
• linkage between actin
and myosin cross-bridge
break
•ATP splits
•myosin cross-bridge goes back
to original position