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Internet Applications

Introduction

BUPT/QMUL

2018-03-05

2

Agenda

What is the Internet?

How does it work?

When & how did it come about?

Who controls it?

Where is it going?

Refer to Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 of the Textbook

3

Q1: What is the Internet?

4


So many different definitions‥‥‥ http://www.whatis.com

http://www.webopedia.com

http://www.webcurrent.com

http://linux.about.com

http://www.boutell.com

‥ ‥ ‥

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net“, is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).

A global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions.

Simply put, the Internet is a networkof linked computers allowing participants to share information on those computers. You should want to be a part of it because the Internet literally puts a world of information and a potential worldwide audience at your fingertips. Internet: A worldwide network of networks. It is also the network of networks that connects more than three million computers (called hosts).

"The Internet" refers to the worldwidenetwork of interconnectedcomputers, all of which use a common protocol known as TCP/IP to communicate with each other.

network

worldwide

computers

communicate

interconnected

TCP/IP

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/network.htm

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/computer.htm

5


Internet vs. internet Internet

internet

Internet vs. WWW (World Wide Web) Internet

WWW

Internet vs. Intranet Internet

Intranet

Internet: Different Viewpoints

Various User Groups

Service and Content Providers

Network and Computing

Service Providers

Manufactures and Software Industry

Research and Standardization Organization

Legal framework and Government Governance

6

7

internet vs. Internet

internet: a set of computer networks that are connected to each other.

Local Area Network

“Ruby”152.2.81.1

“www.whitehouse.gov”198.137.240.91

8

internet vs. Internet

Internet: a worldwide sets of networks that interoperate using TCP/IP protocols.

http://mundi.net/maps/maps_011/landweber_map1.html




9

Internet vs. WWW

Internet

FTP EMail Telnet ……

(a networking infrastructure and the related communication standards)

(An information sharing model on top of the

Internet)

WWW

10

Q2: How does the Internet work?

11

Q2: How does the Internet work?

How do machines communicate with one another on the Internet?

What are the components of the Internet? Physical infrastructure Domain Name System Internet protocols Internet applications

Important design concepts Layered model of networking Client-server paradigm

12

Q2: How does the Internet work?—— communication on the Internet

Local Area Network

“Ruby”152.2.81.1

A

“www.whitehouse.gov”198.137.240.91

B

• The source computer• One application produces

the data to send• The software “packetize”

the data

• The cables connecting the computers to the network

• The network device receives the data and pushes them out

• The software chooses the path for data delivery

• The destination computer• The software “depacketize” the data

• The counterpart to the sender application reads the data

13

Q2: How does the Internet work?—— communication on the Internet

Application

(e.g., IE)

Data

Network Software

(i.e. TCP/IP)

Packet Packet Packet

Application

(e.g., Web Server)

Data

Network Software

(i.e. TCP/IP)


Physical (Hosts, Routers, Wiring)

14

Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the minimum requirements for communication on the Internet

Postal Analogy

A common language

A letter

A stamped and addressed envelop

Physical delivery via the postal stream

Internet counterpart

Applications speaking a common language

Digitized data (eg. packet)

Communication protocols

Physical connection to the Internet

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet applications Telnet, Email, Web browser etc.

Internet protocols TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP,HTTP etc.

Internet addresses IPv4, IPv6, Domain Name System

Physical infrastructure hosts, routers, wiring

16


Physical infrastructure

Hosts

Routers

Wiring

an internet-connected computer with an internet address

a device that routes data packets towards the destination

fiber-optic, telephone, twist pair cable, satellite

1717


Internet addressing

Machines want identity

IP Address

= network interface address

Be assigned by IANA

E.g., 211.68.71.174

E.g., 2001:DB8:0:8::1

Humans want names

Hostname

Be assigned to a host for the benefit of humans

E.g., www.is.bupt.cn

LAN

Modem

IPv4 IPv6

IEEE 802.11

DNS

Converting between IP Address and Hostname

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Internet addressing: an example of DNS

Root.

.org .net .com

.kz

.gov.kz

aic.gov.kz

.lk

.jp

.tv

.in198.41.0.4

www.aic.gov.kz

131.181.2.61

128.250.1.21

212.154.242.148

212.154.242.144210.84.80.24

210.80.58.34

“Ask 131.181.2.61”

“Ask 128.250.1.21”

“Ask 212.154.242.148”

“Go to 212.154.242.144”

localDNS

IP addr. of

www.aic.gov.kz?

“go to

212.154.242.144”

www.aic.gov.kz?

www.aic.gov.kz?

www.aic.gov.kz?

www.aic.gov.kz?

19


Internet protocols Protocol = A set of rules for communicating

Internet Protocol (IP) Basic data transport: the glue of the Internet Unreliable delivery Versions

IPv4 with 32 bit/4 Byte address IPv6 with 128 bit/16 Byte address

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Reliable data transmission Connection-oriented

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Unreliable data transmission Connectionless-oriented

Network layer

Transport layer

All Internet Applications use at least IP, most use TCP/UDP and IP

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Internet Protocols

Application protocols File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Used by file exchange applications

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Used by email applications

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Used by WWW applications

……

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Internet applications

E.g., ftp, telnet, email, www, … …

Most are based on client-server model

Different applications use different protocols in addition to TCP/UDP and IP

ftp: FTP

telnet: TELNET

Email: SMTP

WWW: HTTP

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Layered networking model

Client-server paradigm

Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

23


Application

(e.g., IE)

Data

Network Interface

(i.e. TCP/IP)


Application

(e.g., Web Server)

Data

Network Interface

(i.e. TCP/IP)


Physical (Hosts, Routers, Wiring)


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Postal Analogy Network Counterpart Layer

Common language

Envelop and return address

Address

Mail boxes, trucks, planes; physical delivery

Applications (Telnet, FTP, HTTP etc.)

Reliable delivery (TCP)

Source to destination (IP)

Wires, cables, hardwares etc

APPLICATION

TRANSPORT

NETWORK

PHYSICAL

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ISO’s 7 layer model

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Client-server paradigm Client – the user of the service

Initiated interaction through requests

Server – the provider of the service Must be listening Waits and responds to the incoming requests

Clients and servers need a protocol that defines the interaction between them

client server

request

response

27


Client-server paradigm

The client/server/protocol relationship

IP Addr: 152.2.81.103 IP Addr: 152.2.81.1

client

server

Client application

(an program running on this machine)

Server application

(an program running on this machine)

Protocol

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Q3: When and how did the Internet come about?

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet

The history of the Internet

a DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) research project

a NSF (National Science Foundation) -sponsored research project

a full global infrastructure

ARPANET

NSFNET

INTERNET (the most important

information source today)

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The important events

1945-1995

Memex

Conceived

1945

WWW

Created

1989

Mosaic

Created

1993

A

Mathematical

Theory of

Communication

1948

Packet

Switching

Invented

1964Silicon

Chip

1958

First Vast

Computer

Network

Envisioned

1962

ARPANET

1969

TCP/IP

Created

1972

Internet

Named

and

Goes

TCP/IP

1984

Hypertext

Invented

1965

Age of

eCommerce

Begins

1995

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The important events

1996-2015

First

Mobile

Phone

Released

1996

The IANA

IPv4

Address

Depleted

2011

Worldwide

Internet

Users

Breaks

2.4 Billion

2012

ICANN

Created and

Wi-Fi

Standardized

1998

Web 2.0

2004

Dot com

Bubble

Bursts

2000

First

Internet

Cell Phone

Released

2001

Google Hits

1 Trillion

URLs

2008

ICANN

Gains

Autonomy

2009

Facebook

Hits 400

Million

Active

Users

2010

Youtube

Launches

2005

Internet

Plus and

Industry 4.0

2015

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ARPANET — a packet switching network


1964 Paul Baran realized packet switching

in the military network.

1965 the experiments by MIT showed the

packet transmission in the circuit switching

network was slow, unreliable and with high

cost.

1967 ARPA of USA planned ARPANET.

Lawrence Roberts proposed that ARPANET

adopted packet switching network based on

the queuing theory of Leonard Kleinrock.

Kleinrock and the first node of ARPANET

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The development stages

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

theory

universityprototypes

production usein research

commercialearly residential

broadbandhome

emailftp

DNSRIPUDPTCP

SMTPSNMP

ATMBGP, OSPF

IPsecHTTPHTMLRTP

100 kb/s 1 Mb/s 10 Mb/s

XMLOWLSIP

Jabber

100 Mb/s 1 Gb/sPort speeds

Internet protocols

queuingarchitecture

routingcong. control

ATMQoSVoD

p2pad-hocsensor

Important technologies

2015

100 Gb/s

6LoWPANIPv4/IPv6

PIMv6OpenFlow

IoTMobility

SDN

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Father of the Internet (by the Charles Stark Draper Prize of NAE in 2001)

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

Roberts Kahn Kleinrock Cerf

Lawrence G. Roberts

The creator of ARPANET

Leonard Kleinrock

The creator of the

packet switching

protocols for network

information exchange

Vinton G. Cerf

Robert E. Kahn

The inventors of TCP/IP

The Turing Award in

2004

35

Douglas E. Comer


The internationally

recognized expert on

computer networking and

the TCP/IP protocols

The Vice President of

Research for Cisco

System Inc.

The Distinguished

professor of Computer

Science in Purdue

University

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The inventor of WWW — Tim Berners Lee


The Director of the World Wide

Web Consortium

Senior Research Scientist at MIT’s

CSAIL

In March 1989, he proposed the

idea of sharing information through

hypertext

In the summer of 1989, he

developed the first web server and

web client in the world

In December 1989, he named his

invention WWW(World Wide Web)

In May 1991, WWW began to be

used in the Internet

In 1994, he found the WWW

Consortium

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The representative of eCommerce (Electronic Commerce) — Jeff Bezos


The founder of the famous Amazon

A great Internet strategist

In 1994 he began to think about how to

create infinite commercial chance in the

Internet with surprising high growth

speed

In July 1995, the Amazon Inc. was

founded as a network bookshop

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The founders of IM (Instant Messaging)


ICQ means “I seek you”

The first one IM software in the

world, and OICQ, QQ etc. later

Invented by four young Jews

without any professional

educations or trainings -- Yair

Goldfinger (26 years old), Arik

Vardi (27), Sefi Vigiser (25),

Amnon Amir (24) Only in 3

months

They found the Mirabilis Inc. at

Israel in Nov. 1996.

Purchased by AOL with

$300,000,000 in 1999.

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The inventor of BT (BitTorrent) — Bram Cohen


The concept of seed is used for data

sharing between users in the

network firstly in 1999.

The Beta version of BT was

completed in 2001.

Bram opened the source codes of BT

in 2002 and gained lots of users.

BT has become the preferred

downloading tools

Still be a disputed topic today

40


The founder and CEO of Facebook -- Mark Zuckerberg

Facebook is the first and biggest

Internet social networking website.

He started the website in his college

dorm room in 2004 in Harvard.

In 2010, he was named Time

Magazine's Person of the Year.

41

Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today

How many networks running are there: Active BGP Entries (Forwarding Table: FIB) By Geoff Huston , at Wed Feb 24 02:10:12 2018 (UTC+1000).. URL: http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html

657954

42


By CNNIC, Jan. 2018

http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201801/P020180131509544165973.pdf

How many Internet users are there in China?

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More and more ordinary people can access it

The speed is faster

More information

More applications

Extended to IoT – Internet of Things

Cloud Computing & Big Data

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the elicitations from the success of the Internet

A process full of innovations

Open standards

The broad application is the vitality of the Internet

2006：“You”

1982：“PC”

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601061225,00.html

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601061225,00.html

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Q4: Who controls it?

46

Q4: Who controls it?—— who is in charge?

ARPA managed for 15+ years

1986: NSF took over

1994: NSF ceased direct support Now funded by “the market,” government, industry

Internationally deployed

1998: ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

2004: WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance founded at the United Nations in Geneva

47

Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations

ISOC (Internet Society) Official gatekeeper To promote evolution and growth of Internet http://www.isoc.org

IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Technical oversight and coordination ~15 international volunteers ISOC oversees IAB http://www.isi.edu/iab

ARIN/RIPE/APNIC/LacNIC/AfricNIC Regional Internet Registry (RIR) providing allocation and

registration services http://www.nro.net/ NRO (Number Registration Organizations)

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IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Develops near-term Internet standards 9 areas, each with an area director Areas are routing and addressing, security, etc. Under the IAB http://www.ietf.org

IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) Focuses on long-term research projects Under the IAB http://www.irtf.org

IETF & IRTF develop official Internet standards Technical working in WGs (Working Group) Open to all Documents progress through stages: RFCs, drafts

49


IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) / PTI

Hands out globally unique Internet addresses

Supported by NTIA of U.S. government in the past

Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) now is responsible for the operation of the IANA functions

http://www.iana.org/

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers)

Stop contract with U.S government in Oct.2016

Replacement organization for IANA

Not-for-profit organization with international board

http://www.icann.org/

50

Q5: Where is it going?

51

Q5: Where is it going?—— information growth

55,000 new books annually

> 1,000,000 magazine articles

9,600 periodicals: > 800 new per year (some all digital)

40,000 scientific articles ( 1 every 30 seconds)

95% of all information is generated digitally

Top libraries would have to double in size every 14 years

Over 1 billion websites worldwide according to online tracker Internet Live Stats

52

Q5: Where is it going?—— language of Internet growth

Talk about exponential growth... 10 Ten Byte

103 Thousand Kilobytes

106 million megabytes

109 billion gigabytes

1012 trillion terabytes

1015 quadrillion petabytes

1018 quintillion exabytes

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Q5: Where is it going?—— are the original assumptions still tenable?

End-to-end

Host-centric

Best effort service

Trusty service stream

Unrelated to commercial application

Original assumptions

No, maybe Peer-to-peer

No, data-centric is proposed

No, QoS is important

No, security is important

No, appropriate profitable mode is needed

Tenable today ?

54

IPv6: Motivation

Problems of IPv4

Insufficient addressing space

Real-time application is not provided

Short of security support

Short of mobility support

IPv6 is getting more popular around world

55

Q5: Where is it going?—— research works of Next Generation Internet

Patching on today’s network Resulting in more and more complexity

Designing new architecture for the next generation network, like SDN and future Internet technologies NewArch

GENI

FIND

Ambient Network

ANA

HAGGLE

… …

56

Key words today

Local definition: A set of computer networks that are connected to each other (an internet)

Global definition: A world-wide set of networks that interoperate using TCP/IP protocols (the Internet)

Protocol: A set of rules to control the means by which information is communicated between entities

TCP/IP: A suite of protocols for transporting any data over an internet between access points

57

Abbreviations (1)

ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency

AS Autonomous System

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

CNGI China Next Generation Internet

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DNS Domain Name System

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

FTP File Transfer Protocol

HTML HyperText Markup Language

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol

IAB Internet Architecture Board

IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers

58

Abbreviations (2)

IE Internet Explorer

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IP Internet Protocol

IRTF Internet Research Task Force

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO International Organization for Standardization

LAN Local Area Network

MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

NSF National Science Foundation

P2P Peer to Peer

POP3 Post Office Protocol

RFC Request for Comments

59

Abbreviations (3)

RTCP Realtime Control Protocol

RTP Realtime Transport Protocol

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

UDP User Datagram Protocol

WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance

WWW World Wide Web

60

Questions

Internet/Intranet

What are the problems incurred by the traditional design principles of the Internet?

What contribution could you do for Internet?

backup

这是一个变化的世界

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Download - PowerPoint Presentation · IPv4 with 32 bit/4 Byte address ... Connection-oriented User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ... 20 Q2: How does the Internet work?

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