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Potential and limitations of by-product based feeding systems to mitigategreen house gases for improved
livestock productivityBlümmel M., Anandan S. Prasad C. S.
1 International Livestock Research Institute, c/o ICRISAT, Patancheru 502324, AP, India 2 National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030 India
3 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Animal Science Division New Delhi-110 114. India
13th Biennial Animal Nutrition Conference of the Animal Nutrition Society of India: Diversification of Animal Nutrition Research in the Changing Scenario
Bangalore, India, 17-19 December 2009
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Part 1: By-products and feeding
Importance of by-products (basal diet) as
feed resource
Improvement of by-products at source (example:sorghum value chain)
Impact from improved by-products
Improvement of by-product based feeding throughprocessing
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Key feed sources in India: 2003 and 2020
Feed Resource %
Crop Residues
Planted fodder crops
2003 2020
44.2 69.0
34.1 ?
Greens (F/F/CPR/WL) 17.8 ?
Concentrates 3.9 7.3
(summarized from NIANP, 2005 and Ramachandra et al., 2007)
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Stover digestibility and grain yield in sorghum cultivars release-tested between
2002 and 2007
35 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 620
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Kharif: y = 321 + 70x; r = 0.2; P = 0.04Rabi: y = 8176 - 115x; r = -0.55; P < 0.0001
Stover in vitro organic digestibility (%)
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Blümmel et al. (2009)
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Sorghum stover trading in Hyderabad
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Relation between price of sorghum stover and in vitro digestibility
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 552.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2y = -4.9 + 0.17x; R2 = 0.75; P = 0.03
Stover in vitro digestibility (%)
Sto
ver
pri
ce (
IR/k
g D
M)
Premium Stover
Low Cost Stover
Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006
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Premium and lost cost sorghum digestibility (OMD), digestible intake (DOMI) and
nitrogen balance (N-Balance)in sheep
g/dg/kg LW/d
-0.5b10.2b51.5bLow Cost
1.2a12.5a58.1aPremium
N-Balance.DOMIOMD
Rao and Blümmel (2009)
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Feed block manufacturing: supplementation, densification
Ingredients %
Sorghum stover 50
Bran/husks/hulls 18
Oilcakes 18
Molasses 8
Grains 4
Minerals, vitamins, urea 2
Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD
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Comparisons of premium and low cost sorghum stover based complete feed blocks in dairy buffalo
Block Premium Block Low Cost
CP 17.2 % 17.1%
ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg
DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d
DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %
Milk 7.9 kg/d 7.0 kg/d
Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d
Anandan et al. (2009a)
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Supplementation and processing of sweet sorghum bagasse and
response in sheep
Mash Pellets Block
Control
Chaffed SSBRL
Concentrate
DMI (g/kg LW) 52.5 a 55.6 a 42.1 b 41.5 b
ADG (g / d) 132.7 a 130.4 a 89.5 b 81.3 b
Processing ($/t) 5.9 7.0 5.2 1.7
Transport ($/t/100km) 6.6 5.8 5.2 13.5
Feed cost ($/kg LW gain) 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6
Anandan et al. (2009b)
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By-products and feedingConclusions
Improving by-products at source of considerablestrategic importance for livestock feeding
Integrated breeding, supplementation, processing, transport strategies required
Respectable level of livestock productivity achievable in by-product based feeding systems
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Part 2: Interaction of livestock numbers, productivity level, feed requirements and CH4 emissions
Livestock numbers, milk production and feed requirements for maintenance
and production of milch animals
Opportunities from increasing per animal milk production and its constraints
Livestock revolution and implications
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Milch Animal, Livestock Population and their average Milk Production(2005-06)
Milch animals Total animals Milk yield
x 103 kg/d
Cross Bred 8 216 28 391 6.44
Local 28 370 155 805 1.97
Buffalo 33 137 101 253 4.40
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Milch Animals and their Energy Needs for Maintenance and Production
Metabolizable energy required MJ x 109
Maintenance Production
Cross Bred 148.0 122.6
Local 423.3 136.4
Buffalo 601.2 370.8
Total 1 172.5 629.8
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Feed energy needs of milch animals in dependence of average daily milk
yields
ME required (MJ x 109)
Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total
3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.5
6 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.8
9 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8
12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.8
15 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9
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Relations between average daily milk productionand livestock numbers
0 3 6 9 12 15 180
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Daily milk production per animal (liter)
Nu
mb
er o
f m
ilch
an
imal
s (x
10
6 )
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Relations between average daily milk productionand methane emissions
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.50.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Daily milk production per animal (liter)
Met
han
e p
rod
uce
d (
Tg
)
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Relations between average daily milk production,diet quality and required dry matter intake
0 3 6 9 12 150
1
2
3
4
5
ME content of diet: 7.4 MJME content of diet: 8.5 MJ
3.6%
3.3%
Daily milk production per animal (liter)
Req
uir
ed d
ry m
atte
r in
take
as
per
cen
tag
e o
f b
od
y w
eig
ht
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364.57
2683.22
1075.00
1608.22
89920 *
5.24
172
2020(2005-06) 2020 (fixed LP
Milk (million tons) 91.8 172
yield/day (kg) 3.6 6.76
Numbers (000) 69759 69759
Metabolizable energy requirements (MJ x 109)
Maintenance 1247.64 1247.6
Production 573.94 1075.00
total 1821.58 23266.6
Feed Req.( m tons) 247.50 315.6
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* Calculated based on Component Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Livestock revolution: Impact on energy and feed requirements
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Interaction of livestock numbers, productivity level, feed requirements
and CH4 emissions
Conclusions
Strategies for increasing per animal milk productivity highest effects on resource use, feed requirements and
greenhouse emissions
At available feed qualities of 7.4 to 8.5 MJ ME/kg and intakes of 3.2 to 3.6% of LW daily milk yields of
about 9 to 12 l are achievable.
Higher levels questionable because of lack of concentrates
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Thank you for your attention!
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Storage
Balanced
Nutrition
Transportation
Local Resource Utilization
ECONOMICAL
Courtesy of Lakshmi Shah
Fortification and Densification