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Threeexperimentswereperformedtotestthereliabilityoftheopen/closeddimension;thefirsttwofromtheperspecFveofahenFonalallocaFon,andthethirdexperimentinthecontextofmulF-classscaherplotdisplays.Experiment1: FlankerTaskFlankertasksexaminetheinfluenceofdistractorsymbolsontargetsymbolprocessing.ParFcipantresponseFmesaremodulatedwhendistractorandtargetarethesameshape,sharefeatures,oraredifferent.Experiment2: Same-DifferentTaskInsame-differenttasks,parFcipantsjudgewhetherthesymbolsinthedisplayareallthesameordifferent.LongerresponseFmesrepresentgreaterdifficultyindeterminingheterogeneity.Experiment3: VisualAnalyIcsTasksWevariedthevisualencodinginthreeanalysistasksusingscaherplots:averagevalue,numerosity,andtrendjudgments.Responselatencyanderrorsreflectthediscriminabilitybetweencategoricalvariables.
StudyDesign
Openvs.ClosedShapes:ADimensionofPerceptualAwareness?DavidBurlinson,KalpathiSubramanianPh.D.,PaulaGoolkasianPh.D.
TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlohe{dburlins,krs,pagoolka}@uncc.edu
DavidBurlinsonTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharloheEmail:[email protected]:(843)465-6283
Contact1. W.S.ClevelandandR.McGill.GraphicalpercepFon:Theory,experimentaFon,andapplicaFontothedevelopmentofgraphicalmethods.JournaloftheAmericanstaFsFcalassociaFon,79(387):531–554,1984.2. C¸.Demiralp,M.S.Bernstein,andJ.Heer.LearningperceptualkernelsforvisualizaFondesign.IEEEtransacFonsonvisualizaFonandcomputergraphics,20(12):1933–1942,2014.3. M.Gleicher,M.Correll,C.Nothelfer,andS.Franconeri.PercepFonofaveragevalueinmulFclassscaherplots.IEEEtransacFonsonvisualizaFonandcomputergraphics,19(12):2316–2325,2013.4. L.Tremmel.Thevisualseparabilityofployngsymbolsinscaherplots.JournalofComputaFonalandGraphicalStaFsFcs,4(2):101–112,1995.5. S.LewandowskyandI.Spence.DiscriminaFngstratainscaherplots.JournaloftheAmericanStaFsFcalAssociaFon,84(407):682–688,1989.6. J.Li,J.J.vanWijk,andJ.-B.Martens.EvaluaFonofsymbolcontrastinscaherplots.In2009IEEEPacificVisualizaFonSymposium,pp.97–104.IEEE,2009.7. R.A.RensinkandG.Baldridge.ThepercepFonofcorrelaFoninscaherplots.InComputerGraphicsForum,vol.29,pp.1203–1210.WileyOnlineLibrary,2010.
References
IntroducIonSame-featureflankersseemedtocauseresponseinhibiFonduetotheirsimilariFes,whetheropenorclosed.Different-featureflankersandirrelevantflankersdidnotinterfere.InteresFngly,same-featureblockswithclosedshapesperformedsignificantlyfasterthansame-featureblockswithopenshapes.SimilarlytoinExperiment1,parFcipantsreliablyhadaneasierFmerespondingtoclosedshapesthantotheopenshapes.InaddiFon,parFcipantstooklongerdecidingthattheshapeswereheterogeneouswhenthedifferentshapessharedtheopenorclosedfeaturedimension.Overall,parFcipantswerequickerandmadefewererrorsintrialswithoneopenandoneclosedshape,butdisplayednopreferenceforclosedshapes.However,closedtargetswereimpactedfarmoredrasFcally–bothfacilitaFonbydifferent-featureandinterferencebysame-featuredistractors–thanopentargets.
Results
Ourresultsprovidesupportfortheimportanceoftheopen/closedfeaturecategoryasadimensiontoconsiderwhenusingsymbolsinvisualizaIondisplays.TheabstractcogniFvetasksinexperiment3didnotshowthesameclosed-shapepreferenceexhibitedinthebasictasksfromexperiments1or2.Taskdifferencesinresultswithinexperiment3suggestmoreabstracttasksincurmorevariabilityinresponseratesanderrorproporFons.OurresultsnecessitatefurtherinvesFgaFontounderstandthecomplexeffectsofsymboldifferences.WeplantoexploreaddiFonalfeaturesofstaFsFcalchartsthatmayinteractwithcategoricalshapeencodings.
Conclusions
EffecFvecommunicaFonusingvisualizaFonsreliesonviablevisualencodingstrategies–decisionsabouthowtorepresentdatavisually.ForscaherplotswithmulFplecategoricalvariables,weneedtodisFnguishdifferentvariables’points.Hueisamoredominantencodingthanshape1,3.Differentshapesworkwhencolorisnotavailable,butwhichshapesshouldwechoose?Twofamiliesofshapes–polygonalandasterisk-basedshapes–arecommonincharFngsoHware,andtheliteratureonsymboldiscriminaFongenerallysupportstheirusage2,3,4,5,6,7.Weproposethatthesetwofamiliesexemplifyadimensionthatinfluencesperceptualawareness:closedshapesboundaregionofspaceandopenshapesdonot.Weareinterestedinwhetherdifferencesinthisopenvs.closeddimensionmeaningfullyimpactabstractcogniFvetasksinscaherplotdisplays.
Figure1.HighandLowLoadsFmuliintheFlankertask.ParFcipantswereprimedwithtwotargetshapesineachblock.OneappearedasthetargetinoneofsixposiFons.TheflankerwasplacedtotheleHorrightofthedisplay.
Methods
Figure2.FlankercompaFbility(differencebetweenmeanincompaFbleandcompaFbleresponseFmes,inms)foreachblockinlowloadandhighloadcondiFons.Inlowloadtrials,same-featureblocks(1and6)hadthesmallestcompaFbilityeffect,whereastheyhadthelargest(withoneexcepFon)compaFbilityeffectinthehighloadcondiFon.
Figure3.2-and3-shapevariantsofthesFmulusdisplaysintheSame-Differenttask.
Figure4.TheimpactoftheinteracFonbetweenfeatureandcondiFononresponseFmes.Same-shapewassignificantlyeasiesttorespondto,different-shape/different-featurewasverycloseacrossbothfeatures,anddifferent-shape/same-featuretrialsreliablytookthelongesttorespondto.
Figure5.Averagevaluejudgment:Whichsetofshapesishigheronaverage?
Figure6.Numerosityjudgment:Whichsetofshapeshasmoreelements?
Figure7.Lineartrendjudgment:WhichsetofshapesdisplaysalinearrelaFonship?
Figure8.Fornumerosityandlineartrendjudgments,same-featuredistractorsreliablycausedlongerreacFonFmesandtheeffectwasmodulatedbytargetfeatures.
