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Pneumonia
Dr. Meg-angela Christi Amores
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Definition
• infection of the pulmonary parenchyma• often misdiagnosed, mistreated, and
underestimated• community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) or
health care–associated pneumonia (HCAP)– hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
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Pathophysiology
• proliferation of microbial pathogens at the alveolar level and the host's response
• aspiration from the oropharynx• inhaled as contaminated droplets• hematogenous spread
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Pathophysiology
• Host defense:– hairs and turbinates of the nares – branching architecture of the tracheobronchial tree traps
particles on the airway lining– gag reflex and the cough mechanism – normal flora adhering to mucosal cells of the oropharynx– resident alveolar macrophages
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• host inflammatory response, rather than the proliferation of microorganisms, triggers the clinical syndrome of pneumonia
• inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL) 1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), results in fever
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Pathology
• Edema– presence of a proteinaceous exudate
• Red hepatization– erythrocytes in the cellular intraalveolar exudate
• Gray hepatization– neutrophil is the predominant cell, fibrin
deposition is abundant, and bacteria have disappeared
• Resolution
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Etiology
• Typical:– S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus
and gram-negative bacilli such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Atypical:– Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
pneumoniae, and Legionella spp. as well as respiratory viruses such as influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs
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Risk factors
• CAP:alcoholism, asthma, immunosuppression, institutionalization, and an age of 70 years versus 60–69 years
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Clinical Manifestations
• frequently febrile, with a tachycardic response, and may have chills and/or sweats and cough
• pleura is involved, the patient may experience pleuritic chest pain
• fatigue, headache, myalgias, and arthralgias
• Crackles, bronchial breath sounds
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Management
• Diagnosis– CLINICAL– XRAY – suggests etiology• pneumatoceles suggest infection with S. Aureus• upper-lobe cavitating lesion suggests tuberculosis
– Sputum Gram stain and culture– Blood culture
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Management
• Treatment : CAP– Site of Care• Home• Hospital
– Antibiotics• Empiric• Previously healthy and no antibiotics in past 3 months • A macrolide [clarithromycin (500 mg PO bid) or
azithromycin (500 mg PO once, then 250 mg od)] or Doxycycline (100 mg PO bid)
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