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Plog
• Psychocentric
• Mid Centric
• Allocentric
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Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric
• Charter\Mass Incipient Mass\unusual\Offbeat\Elite\Experiential
• Organized Mass Tourism\ Individual Mass Tourism\Explorer\Drifter
• Recreational\ Diversionary\ Experiential\ Experimental\ Existential
Safety
Belongingness Self Esteem
Self Esteem
Self Actualization
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Psychocentric Mid Centric AllocentricEnvironments
• Similar to Home Unique Place Attributes
• Highly Modified Original Place Attributes
• Imitation Authentic Attributes
• Front Country Image Back Country Reality
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Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric
Impacts
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• Technology Enthusiasts• Technology Enthusiasts• Visionaries• Visionaries• Pragmatists• Pragmatists• Conservatives• Conservatives• Skeptics• Skeptics
• Innovators
• Early adopters
• Early adopters• Early majority• Early majority• Late majority
• Late majority• Laggards• Laggards
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• It takes about the same time for a new technology or product to go from zero to 10% adoption (the innovation phase) as it does for it to go from 10% to 90% adoption (growth phase) and as it does from 90% to 100% (maturity phase)
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Tourism CycleButler
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ExplorationInvolvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation Decline or
Rejuvenation
TIME
No. of Visitors
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Exploration Stage
• Small number of tourists - the aesthetics
• Irregular visitation patterns -
• Attracted by unique natural or cultural features
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Exploration Stage
• No specific facilities - contact with local populations high
• Basic impacts are low - low numbers but little control (spatial dispersion)
• Link to Allocentrics
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2 - Involvement Stage
• The number of visitors increase - word of mouth, media awareness
• The visitation assumes a more regular pattern - greater numbers linked to time packages and patterns of access (airlines)
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2 - Involvement Stage
• Individual contact remains high and increases as local populations respond to greater numbers and open facilities
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2 - Involvement Stage
• The basic market area can be defined (populations that are interested)
• Initial advertising campaigns start
• Basic tourist season commences - local life begins to adjust to the cycle
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2 - Involvement Stage
• The impacts are low but increasing
• Government starts to exert more influence -taxes, regulations
• Attraction to Near-Allocentrics and the more daring of the Mid Centrics
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3 - Development Stage
• Very well defined tourist ‘area’– shaped partially by heavy advertising
• Local Control begins to decline rapidly
• Local services are replaced by well organized, more elaborate external services -
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3 - Development Stage
• Natural or cultural attractions will be marketed explicitly
– supplemented by man-made attractions
To the extent of creating shipwrecks close to accommodation - harbours
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3 - Development Stage
• Regional or National government control may start - unified policies, tax structures
• Number of visitors may exceed the local population
• Imported labour (hotels) obvious
• Tourism support industry is obvious
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3 - Development Stage
• The presence of Mid Centrics
– Organized mass tourists
– High return in the system though the Allocentrics are gone
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4 - Consolidation Stage
• Rate of growth in tourists declines
0
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1 2 3 4
But
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4 - Consolidation Stage
• The number of tourists exceed the total population
• The economic base shifts to primarily tourism - dependence increases
• Broadening of market 1. Spatially - search for greater numbers 2. Temporally - extension of ‘season’
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Santorini
• Population of main town – Fira – 2500
• Population of island winter 6500
• summer 11000
• Cruise ship – Millenium – 1950 passengers
• Peak times 3 – 4 ships same time
• 1,600 to 7,800 in Fira
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Santorini
• The capacity to accommodate tourists has been reached or exceeded in many parts of the island, with the result that villages and sites are being or have been destroyed. As a matter of urgency steps should be taken to limit the total numbers of tourists, and to divert the bulk of them away from sensitive areas.
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4 - Consolidation Stage
• The facilities infrastructure takes on a franchise appearance
• Possible negative reactions from local population - their action space is restricted
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4 - Consolidation Stage
• Development of well-defined recreation business districts (non-local - prices)
• A quality hierarchy develops - ‘better’ and ‘worse’ attractions
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5- Stagnation Stage
• Peak number of visitors is reached - flat or negative growth rates
• Carrying capacities for many variables are reached or exceeded - pressure on facilities felt by tourists and locals (wait times)
• Well established image of ‘place’ - may work against development - ‘out of fashion’
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5- Stagnation Stage
• Increasing reliance on repeat business
– swing to heavy traffic generators
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5- Stagnation Stage
• The resort image is divorced from it’s original geographic environment (anyplace)
• New developments tend to be peripheral to the tourist industry (no growth)
• facilities change ownership frequently