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Please get all four handouts from the table!
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Tunisia
December 17, 2010 Protests begin
January 14, 2011 President Zine El
Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia
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Changes to Government
Technocratic administration Government controlled by scientists,
engineers and other experts New constitution and electoral board Islamist party Ennahda competes for
power Interim government until elections
this year President Moncef Marzouki
Most advanced women’s rights in the Arab world, gender equality in elected assemblies
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Moncef Marzouki
Moncef Marzouki
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Problems
Islamist militants threaten attacks
Widespread resentment over unemployment, economic development and the high cost of living
Relies of European tourism, which has fallen
Trafficking continues to be a problem
Increased number of street children
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Revolution in Egypt
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Causes
Corruption Electoral fraud Censorship Low wages High unemployment Inspiration from other protests
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Background
Hosni Mubarak took power in 1981 after the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat National Democratic Party One-party rule Continuous state of
emergency Support of the West by
maintaining policies of suppression towards Islamic militants and peace with Israel
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Emergency Law
Enacted after the 1967 Six-Day War Police powers extended Constitutional rights suspended Censorship legalized May imprison people without reason and
indefinitely ▪ Cited the threat of terrorism to extend the law▪ Led the imprisonment of activists▪ Hidden detention facilities
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Police Brutality
Alleged torture, abuse and death and the hands of police
Activists and observers circulate cellphone video
Police brutality was high in response to protests
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Demographic and Economic Challenges
Rapid population growth
Youth bulge Unemployment Living conditions
remained poor Economic
corruption Members of the
NDP seemed to be the only people who benefitted from the nation’s wealth
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January 25
Opposition groups called for a planned day of revolt
Protest against police abuse National Police Day
Video blogging, Facebook Tahrir Square
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Jan 25 – “Day of Revolt”
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Protests Continue
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Jan 28 – “Friday of Anger”
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Jan 28 – Mubarak says he’ll form a new government
Later that night clashes broke out between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak demonstrators
Protests continue the next day and on Feb 1 Mubarak makes another address offering more concessions
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Feb 2 – “Incident of the Camel”
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Feb 5 – Leaders of NDP resign
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Feb 6 – Opposition groups begin talks
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Feb 11 – Mubarak resigns handing power to the military
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After Mubarak
On July 3, 2013 – generals ousted democratically elected Mohamed Morsy Muslim Brotherhood▪ Now banned as a terrorist organization
Field Marshal Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was elected in the spring of 2014
Redrafting the constitution has been conflicted
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Problems
High unemployment On the brink of an energy crisis Instability
Repression of protestors and government critics▪ More than 1,400 killed since July
March – 529 death sentences to Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters
Al Jazeera journalists arrested and detained Claims of sexual abuse against women
“virginity tests”
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Libyan Revolution
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Causes
Fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government
Protests against the government escalated into a rebellion
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Background
Muammar Gaddafi – took office in 1969 in coup
The Green Book Stepped down from
power in 1977 Ceremonial position Weak military, outdated
weapons Maintained a balance of
power
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The Green Book
1975 – manifesto Decentralized direct
democracy, state run People’s committee’s
which served as local governments
Indirectly elected by the General People’s Committee led by a Secretary-General as the executive branch
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Corruption
Oil revenues Offer services or to supporters Spent on arms, sponsoring militant
groups Gaddafi family had a personal
fortune Lavish lifestyles, luxurious homes,
Hollywood film investments and private parties
Proposed reform for oil money to be spent on the people was delayed in 2009
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Human Rights
Strict censorship Executed dissidents through public
hangings and mutilations and re-broadcast them on public television channels
Dissident was illegal under Law 75 of 1973 and anyone found guilty of founding a political party would be executed
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Feb 17- “Day of Rage”
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Revolts
Major demonstrations took place in Benghazi, Ajdabiya, Damah and Zintan among others
Gaddafi forces fired into the crowd Prisoners were released from jail and
paid to fight protestors in Benghazi Mercenaries were hired to
supplement security forces
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Benghazi
Rebels take the city after several days of fighting
Several hundred die
Fighters seize the garrison
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March
Gaddafi began forcing rebel forces back Libyans in the east were reluctant to oppose
the government On March 17, UN Security Council voted to
impose a no-fly zone over Libya Enforced by NATO French jets began bombing hours after the
resolution passed, US and UK joined afterwards Support from several Arab nations including Qatar
and United Arab Emirates March 21 – second wave of airstrikes (Tripoli)
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May 11 – Battle for Misrata
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Summer
Surround Gaddafi in Tripoli Captured much needed supplies Allowed them to pass through rebel-
controlled territory and encircle the Gaddafi controlled capital
Opposition cells cause high causalities to rebel units
Gaddafi makes two TV addresses calling on Libyans to fight off the rebel “rats” and saying he will be “with you until the end”
Battle for Tripoli rages through August
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August 22
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi said his father’s forces were still in control of the city.
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September
The interim government meets in Paris to discuss ruling
Production of oil starts again UN Security Council eases sanctions
on Libya Gaddafi taunts NATO in a speech Interim rulers announce that most of
Gaddafi loyalists are captured and the last few are surrounded
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Sirte
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October
Last strongholds are captured October 20, Gaddafi dies after wounds
being during his capture near Sirte Mustafa Abdel Jalil, the leader of the
NTC declares the liberation of Libya The bodies of Gaddafi,his son
Mutassim and a former aid are moved from display to a planned burial An investigation into the death is planned
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Since the downfall
National Transitional Council handed power to the General National Congress Elections held in July 2012 Appointed Prime Minister Ali Zeidan
Tensions between GNC nationalists and Islamists cause fighting and tension
In April, Parliament voted Ali Zeidan out of office over his failure to stop the rebels from exporting oil independently
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Problems
Oil production has slowed Armed protestors have seized oil ports and fields
The process for a new constitution has been delayed The 60 member committee chosen to draft
includes only 6 women Political divisions undermine Libya's
transition United States and French embassies closed
in the summer of 2014 due to deteriorating conditions
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Syria
Began on March 15, 2011 Family has held power since 1971 Four decades of Ba’ath rule Bashar al-Assad
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Causes
Conservative Sunnis Alawite favorability
Cities with high poverty Drought in early 2011 – Daraa and Homs High youth population – unemployment Emergency rule from 1963-2011
War with Israel Banned political parties, censorship Discrimination against ethnic minorities
Syrian Kurds
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Background
Bashar al-Assad Alawite sect Offshoot of Shiite Muslim Only 12% of population
2011 protests Restricted coverage Journalists went missing Disabled phones and extracted passwords Targeted and tortured Live ammunition into protests
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Groups Fighting
Who’s fighting Government
Loyal to Ba’ath Party Free Syrian Army (FSA)
Defected Syrian armed forces personnel and civilians
Jabhat al-Nusra Jihadist group linked to al-Qaeda
ISIS, Also known as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and Islamic State (IS). Started as an Al-Qaeda splinter group Fast Facts
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Problems
Opposition group is splintered Peace conferences have achieved
nothing Government blames the violence on
terrorists Opposition wants to replace as-Assad Human cost, over 100,000 have died
680,000 wounded Economy has been decimated
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Syria
How is Syria different? Leadership Time period Rebel groups Insurgents Foreign support
More information