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Basics of Research Strategy
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Many students see this as the essence of what research means
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Find data on a
topic and
make sense
of it. Put it all
together into
a grand
synthesis.
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The first step in most research
projects is to get a working
knowledge of your topic.
Whats a working knowledge?
Enough knowledge so that you
could speak about the topic for
one minute.
Where do you get that
knowledge? From a reference
source.
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What about Wikipedia?
See the discussion on page23 of the textbook:
Research Strategies: Finding
your Way through the
Information Fog (2008).
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Developing Research Questions around E.W. Kenyon
What influence did the metaphysical New Thought philosophy have
on his teachings?
This will likely need to be narrowed to one aspect of his teachings, e.g. his
view of the atonement.
Was Kenyon a Gnostic?
Was Kenyon correct biblically in saying that our faith can force God
to act?
What was Kenyons influence on the Word Faith movement of today?
Not a good question on two counts:
It is easily answered (Word Faith leaders see him as the father of their
movement)
It is a blunt point too broad. Kenyons influence was much too wide-
ranging to be covered in a single research project.
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1. What influence did metaphysical New Thought have on E.W. Kenyons doctrine
of the atonement?
I. Introduction (Influence of New Thought on Kenyon in general)
II. E.W. KenyonsD
octrine of the AtonementIII. Relevant Teachings in New Thought
IV. Influence of New Thought on Kenyons Doctrine of the Atonement
V. Conclusion
2. Who was the real Lucretia Borgia?
I. Introduction
II. The Lucretia of historical legend
III. Balancing view of Lucretia
IV. Conclusion
3. With regard to the time of the Exodus from Egypt, is the earlier or later date to
be preferred?
I. Introduction
II. Arguments in favour of the late date.
III. Arguments in favour of the early date.
IV. Conclusion
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When a library gets a
new book, the
cataloger creates a
catalog record, made
up of metadata
descriptive tags that
summarize the main
identifying details of
that book.
What you search for
in a library catalog is
detail within catalog
records like this one.
Each of
these is a
field or
identifiable
part of thedescription
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This is what you will see in the library catalog
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BOOLEAN SEARCHING WITH KEYWORDS
The OR Command Goal is to avoid multiple searches
Psychoanalysis OR Freud = either psychoanalysis or Freud
Colleges OR Universities
Adolescents OR teenagers
The AND Command Goal is to narrow down your search
Teenagers AND television AND violence all words must be present in one record
Internet AND securityForest AND ecology
The NOT Command Goal is to screen out irrelevant data records
(Internet AND security) NOT Spam Internet security but not data about spam
(Bible AND covenant) NOT Church Bible covenants but not Covenant Churcheswhere the Bible is taught
(Psychoanalysis OR Freud) NOT Jung
Phrase Searching
growing apple trees (growing apple trees)
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Ways of Searching for Information
Suppose that I wanted to find all the books on the meaning of life in
the library catalog.
I could do a title [any word] search with keywords I think would be
in a book on the meaning of life:
Wow. 200 results. Sadly, you will find that
most of them are not actually on the
meaning of life. The words are there in a
title or chapter title, but not the concept
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My book, The Hitchhikers Guide to
the Meaning of Everythingwill not bein the list.
Why? Because you searched on
meaning life and my book saysMeaning of Everything.
It would be nice to have another way
to search that would find everything ona topic, even if title words were
different from the terms Im using to
search with.
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There are three subjects:
Bible -- Criticism, interpretation, etc.
Meaning (Philosophy) -- Religious aspects -- Christianity.
Life -- Religious aspects -- Christianity.
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How can I identify subject headings?
http://www.acts.twu.ca/Library/IdentifyingSubjectHeadings.swf
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Few people set out to be plagiarists. But for many
students, plagiarism happens.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Why do we plagiarize?
Were pressed for time
It doesnt seem like a big deal
Other people write better than we do
Were not sure what plagiarism is all about, so we take achance
We believe most profs dont have the time to check on us We believe most profs dont have the Internet skills tofigure out what we did.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
So What Exactly Is Plagiarism?
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as follows:
The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea,
etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.
(Oxford English Dictionary: http://dictionary.oed.com)
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Does this mean I cant quote from or refer
to anyone elses writing?
No, it doesnt mean that.
You can use other peoples writing if you follow
the right rules.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
When Quoting, you need quotation marks, areference, and an item in your bibliography
Information literacy is the natural extension of the concept ofliteracy in our information society. Information literacy is thecatalyst required to transform the information society of today into
the learning society of tomorrow. (Bruce, 2002)
BibliographyBruce, C. (2002). Information literacy as a catalyst for educational change: Abackground paper. White Paper Prepared for Unesco, the US National Commission onLibraries and Information Science, and the National Forum on Information Literacy, foruse at the Information Literacy, Meetings of Experts, Prague, the Czech Republic, 1-17.Retrieved July 14, 2006 fromhttp://www.infolit.org/International_Conference/papers/bruce-fullpaper.pdf
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
When referring to an authors work, you dontneed quotation marks, but you do need a
reference, and an item in your bibliography
Maughan (2001) demonstrates that the information literacy gap inhigher education is leaving university graduates devoid of the veryskills they require to function well within the information
workplace.
Bibliography
Maughan, P. D. (2001). Assessing information literacy among undergraduates: Adiscussion of the literature and the University of California-Berkeley assessmentexperience. College & Research Libraries, 62(1), 71-85.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
The heart of the problem of plagiarism is
MISREPRESENTATION
which breaks all the rules for using
other peoples work
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
In Western Society, a persons words and ideas areconsidered to be the property of the person who
originates them.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Stealing a persons words is similar to stealing
somebodys car and impressing your friends bypretending its yours.
Its theft, but more seriously, its misrepresentation.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Any time I leave the impression
that the words or ideas Ive written are mine,when actually they came from someone else,
I am plagiarizing.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Because passing off someone elses words or ideas
as your own is misrepresentation, it is viewed asacademic fraud as well as academic theft.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
The penalties are severe anything from a failed
research paper to a failed course to expulsion from theinstitution. Its that serious.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
So what are the boundaries?
How do I know when Ive become a plagiarist?
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Some boundaries are obvious:
If I copy material from a book or article, dont use
quotation marks and dont provide a citation to the source, I
am stealing someone elses words and pretending they are
mine.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
If I get someone else to write my paper or buy a paperfrom a commercial source or simply copy a whole paper off
the Internet, I am clearly plagiarizing.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
I plagiarize if I take something off the Internet? But isnt the
Internet free for all? People post things there so other
people can use them.
Ah, but youre confusing access and plagiarism. Even if
people give you permission to use their material, using it
without indicating the source makes it look like its yourmaterial. Thats plagiarism.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Other boundaries are not so clear:
What if I use a chart or some other graphic off the Internet,
something that isnt really words? Is that plagiarism?
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Yes it is. It is still content, even if it isnt words. As such, itis the property of the one who created it, and passing it off
as yours is plagiarism.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
What if I take a paragraph of text and just change a fewwords to make it my own? Am I still a plagiarist?
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Probably you are.T
he problem here is a subtle one, solets try to understand it.
When you just change a few words, the structure of the
original is still there the form of the paragraph, the
arrangement of sentences, the ideas in their sequence. You
may change some of the words, but you are stealing the
structure.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
What if I dont use another authors words at all but I find anauthor that has a great idea that I dont see anywhere else.
Can I use it?
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Only if you create a citation to show that the idea is notyours but came from this other author. Otherwise you are
stealing an idea.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Weve looked at some examples, but what ties them alltogether?
Its the idea of Intellectual Property. What comes out of my
mind and is communicated to others remains my property. If
you use my intellectual property as if it were your own, you
are plagiarizing.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Its Starting to Look Like Everything is Plagiarism
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
What can I legitimately use as an information sourcewithout having to make a citation for it?
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Your own ideas
Your own analysis/evaluation of other peoples ideas (once
you have provided citations for the ideas themselves)
Common knowledge knowledge that you find in several
sources that are not themselves depending on a single earlier
source.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Tricky Situations and How to Get Out ofThem
1. You are planning to use some material from asource, but you would rather not quote from it. Is
paraphrasing OK?
c
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
This depends on what you mean by paraphrasing.By its etymology para meaning with and phrase
meaning (well) phrase - a paraphrase is a phrase by
phrase rewriting of text into your own words (or
mostly your own words).
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Heres the trap. When you paraphrase, i.e. writeeach sentence of your source in your own words, you
always end up using too many of the authors original
words and you still steal the authors structure and
idea.
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Instead, interpret. Not:
Original: Matthew 13 deals with the parables of the
Kingdom and, as such, is primarily the teaching of
Jesus. It is the key to the whole book.
Paraphrase: The Kingdom parables ofMatthew 13
are mainly the teaching of Jesus, and are the focus of
the whole book.But interpretation: Harris (1999) argues that Jesus
Kingdom parables instruction in Matthew 13 is really
the heart of this gospel. (I have cited the author &
explained the idea.)
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
How do you avoid the paraphrasing trap?
Simple. Dont paraphrase Interpret
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Tricky Situations and How to Get Out ofThem
2. The source you are reading says it much betterthan you could. Whats wrong with using the writerswords, if they help the reader of your paper tounderstand the situation better?
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Theres nothing wrong with using someone elses
words, as long as you quote them with quotation
marks and create a citation (note or reference) to the
source.
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Better still Quote a short portion (no more than 4 or
5 lines) and present the rest as yourowninterpretation:
Quotation, blah, blah. Brown goes on to argue that
the real answer to this problem isetc. (Brown 2004)
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
To sum up
Its plagiarism if you use any text or ideas from anothersource in such a way that you leave the impression that
the material is yours.
Unless you know the information is common knowledge(found in several sources that do not depend on a
single original source), using it is plagiarism
When in doubt, provide a citation.
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
One more thing:
You may have heard of people who plagiarized and
didnt get caught.
Do professors really check for plagiarism?
Plagiarism eh? How to recognize it
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Yes they do, and a surprisingly large percentage of
plagiarism is busted.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
Do yourself a big favor:
Keep plagiarism out of your life.
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Plagiarism, eh? : How to recognize it
and get it out of your life
William Badke, 2010
Associate Librarian, Trinity Western University, for Associated
Canadian Theological Schools and Information Literacy
7600 Glover Rd., Langley, BC, Canada V2Y 1Y1
Ph. (604) 888-7511, ext 3906
e-mail: [email protected]