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Plants
The producers, Many are firmly rooted
to the bottom of the sea….
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STRUCTURE
Four types of algaeUnicellularColonialFilamentousMulticellular or macrophytic
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Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae
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Algae a.k.a. seaweed
Kingdoms Protista &Chromalveolata
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Chlorophyta (green algae)
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Rhodophyta (red algae)
Eukaryotic Algae
single celled or multi-cellular, possess nuclear membrane, aquatic photoautotrophs, classified on chlorophyll, color, cell wall composition, food storage
Algal Taxonomy
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Is algae in the kingdom Plantae?
A CLASSIFICATION DEBATE RAGES
MACROPHYTE ALGAE LARGE PLANTS, WHETHER AQUATIC OR MARINE…
Are red and brown algae still classified as protists?
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Unicellular algae
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IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE
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1. Chlorophylls a, b, c, d, e. Each molecule functions at
specific wavelengths of light.
2. Carotenes:
carotene B- found in all three divisionsxanthophylls- 20 different types of pigments and two types:
• fucoxanthin- found only in phaeophyta• lutein- common pigment in all large algae
3. Phycoblins:
phycocyanin- blue pigment
phycorethrin- pink-red pigment found in
rhodophyta and cyanobacteria
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Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae
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Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae Pigments: Chlorophylls a and b, ß-carotene and various xanthophylls
Walls of cellulose
Food reserves: true starch, fats and oils
Eukaryotic algae: membrane-bound organelles
Flagella: 2 or 4
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Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae Distribution and habitats
Common in ponds, ditches etc.
Attached to rocks or free floating
90% are fresh water species
Often in brackish water
Shallow, nutrient-rich water
Important marine algae in tropics
May be symbiotic, lichens (algae + fungus)
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Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium eduleHalimeda opuntia
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Chaetomorpha
Bryopsi
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Chara
Volvox colony
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Caulerpa
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REPRODUCTIONMOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY
AND ASEXUALLYMost sexual reproduction is
triggered by environmental stress
Asexual ReproductionMitosis
Sexual ReproductionMeiosisZoosporesPlus and minus gametesZygospore
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Water Molds
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Kingdom ChromalveolataDivision Heterokontophyta: Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
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Phylum Phaeophyta
1500 species of Brown algae
Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp
All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet)
Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade
Photosynthetic pigments
• chlorophyll a & c
• carotenoids
• xanthophylls (e.g. fucoxanthin)
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Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonica Hydroclathrus clathratus
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Algal macrophyte structure
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Brown Algae
Macrocystis -- Kelp
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Macrocystis -- Kelp
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Brown algae
Laminaria
Egregia
Postelsi
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Photosynthetic Pigments
chlorophyll a
carotenoids
phycobilins
Mostly multicellular, marine forms.
Abundant in warm, tropical coastal waters.
Not all are red in color
Phylum Rhodophyta
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Kingdom Protista Phylum Rhodophyta
4000 species of RED Algae
Most are marine
Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters.
Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water
Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses
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Phylum RhodophytaCalcareous algae
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Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Phylum Rhodophyta
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Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
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Corallin
Palmari
Mazzaella
Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
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Harvesting from the sea
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The harvest of seaweed for culinary delights
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7000 species altogether in world’s oceans600 different species of algae in Hawaii
Limu were important to early Hawaiians
More than 70 different kinds were usedEaten fresh used as spices or medicinesused in religious ceremonies in Hawaii
Food Source in Hawaii
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• Toothpaste
• Beauty creams
• Paints
• Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time-release pills, and dental impression gels
Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream:
Use: sugar, milk, irish moss or euchima, Chondrus, Porphyra and Rhodymenia- blend and boil.
Thickener and help smooth these items:
• Many foods and milk-products
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Phycocolloids
Algin from brown algae
Carrageenan from red algae
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phycocolloids from red and brown algae