THE PLANT KINGDOM

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3CHARACTERISTICS

• Multicellular organisms with tissues (eukaryotic cells)• Autotrophic (Carry out photosyntesis).

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PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Takes place in the chloroplasts.• Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy.• Change minerals, water and carbon dioxide into

organic matter.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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CHLOROPHYLLSubstance in plants that absorbs sunlight for

photosynthesis and gives them their green colour.

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RESPIRATION

• Plants do it to obtain energy• Oxygen is consumed and CO2 and energy is released.• Plants use this energy to carry out 3 vital functions:

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Non-vascular Vascular

Well-developed vascular conduits

Non-flowering

Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

FLOWERING SEEDS PLANTS

PLANTS CLASSIFICATION

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XYLEM AND PHLOEM

Xylem are tubes in plants that transport water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem are tubes in plants that transport organic matter from photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

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XYLEM AND PHLOEM

XYLEM

PHLOEM

ROOTS

SUNLIGHTLEAVES

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NON- VASCULAR PLANTSThis are plants that do not have any vascular conduits, such as liverworts.

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VASCULAR PLANTS

Some vascular plants , like mosses , only have a very simple vascular system .

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NON- FLOWERING PLANTS

This group includes liverworts, mosses

and ferns.

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LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES

These are the most primitive plants on Earth.

This plants don´t have strongs steams and can´t grow straight up.

They are small and they grow at ground level.

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LIVERWORTS• Their cells absorb water and nutrients

directly from the ground.• They grow in wet places like in

fountains or streams.

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MOSSES• Mosses have three parts: an axis; phyllodes

and rhizoids.• In many cases they obtain water through their

whole surface.• They live in tree trunks, on the ground and on

rocks.

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PARTS OF THE MOSSES

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FERNS•More developed roots, stems and leaves than mosses.•Main parts: Rhizome, fronds and blades.•They have vascular conduits.•They can’t develop any flower or seed so they reproduce by spores that develop under the blades.

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MAIN PARTS OF FERNS

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FERNS (PARTS)

FLOWERING PLANTS Flowering plants are spermatophytes: they use seeds to reproduce . Seeds are produced by specialised structures called flowers .

Orange flower

GYMNOSPERMS

Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperms is a group of seed-producing plants. The seeds of these plants are on cones or in cups. It includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Most gymnosperms are evergreen.

Characteristics• They are woody plants; most are trees but some are

shrubs.• They’re perennial and they have two types of leaves:

-Needles (the pine tree)-Scales (the cyprees tree)

Differences with Angyosperms

* They do not produce fruits so their seeds are naked.

* They are pollinated by the wind. * Many of these species have shaped like

needles or like scales.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms seeds

FLOWERS* They have unisexual flower:* - Female reproductive cell are only found

in female flowers(inflorescences)* - The male ones are only found in male

flowers (inflorescences).

THE MALE AND FEMALE CONES

• The male cone are form at the bottom of the tree, it produces the pollen and is much smaller than the female that produces the oval and is form at the top of the tree.

Male cone

Female cone

Conifers

• They are the largest and most well-known group in gymnosperms. (Pine and fir trees)

Conifers

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THE ROOTS

The roots grew in the opposite direction to the stem and is usually underground .

They attach to the ground and have absorbent roots hair to collect the water and minerals salts .

• Primary:they have one sap root and several secondary roots.

THE ROOTS

THE STEM

• The stem is the axis of the plant and provides support for the plants ,leaves and flowers .Also provides transportation .

• The xylem the sap moves up the vascular cundoits inside the stem until it reaches the leaves .Then ,the phloem sap is distributed to the rest of the plant .

NODES :are the areas of the plants stem from from which the leaves and branches grow .BUDS :are the shoots on the stem that are responsibles for the stems grow and.

THE STEM

LEAVESLeaves are where photosynthesis take places .They also regulate the amount of water that goes to the hole plant ,they do that through trnspiration :realise the water to the atmosphere .Transpiration occurs in the day trough little pores .

ANGIOSPERMS Flowering plants can be angiosperms. They are any flowering plant in which the ovules are enclosed in an ovary, which develops into the fruit after fertilization.

Olive flowers

SOME ANGIOSPERMS

Rosemary

Corn Holm oak

DIFFERENT ORGANS OF ANGIOSPERM FLOWERS

Angiosperm flowers can have up to 4 different types of organs: sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

FLOWER PARTS

PETALSThese are the coloured leaves that attract insects carrying pollen. All the petals are called the corolla corolla

STAMENSThese are the male reproductive organs of theflower. They have a filament with an anther at the end : the anther produces the pollen grains .Stamens are protected by the corolla.

STAMENS

CARPELS (PISTILS)These are the female reproductive organs of a plant. A carpel includes the ovary, the style and the stigma. Inside the ovary are the ovules, which contain the female reproductive cells.

SEPALSThese are leaves below the petals . They are usually small and green . All the sepals are calledcalyx : the calyx protects the internal parts of the flower.

SEPALS

REPRODUCTION OF ANGIOSPERMS

Angiosperms produce structures that come from the flowers ovary, called fruits. Their function is to disperse the seeds they have inside and protect them. Remains of the

FLOWER

Seeds.

Stamens

Sepals (calyx)

Fruits and Seeds

DISPERSION OF SEEDS

The seeds can be dispersed by many ways:

-By the wind.

-By the water.

-By birds or other animals.

The animals take the seeds in formof fruit in this case, except insects.