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Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom
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Plants on land
• Plants are the most dominant group or organisms on Earth by weight
• Very diverse 2mm across to 100m tall
• Most are photosynthetic but some are parasitic
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Beginnings
• Photosynthetic algae must remain in water for several reasons
• Cannot prevent water loss out of water
• Sex cells must swim in water for fertilization
• Cannot obtain nutrients from land
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Moving on to land
• In order to take over land plants must be able to do three things– Absorb nutrients from land– Prevent themselves from drying out– Reproduce without water
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Preventing water loss• First plants live at edge of water
and absorb water• Waxy, watertight covering called a
CUTICLE- prevents water loss but also prevents gas exchange
• STOMATA- small pores that allow gas exchange. Bordered on each side by GUARD CELLS- these control the opening and closing
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Reproducing on land
• Sperm and egg must be able to move without water
• In most plants sperm are enclosed in pollen and eggs enclosed in other structures- cone or flower
• Pollen permits the efficient spread of sperm
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Absorbing nutrients
• Early plants cannot absorb nutrients but fungi can. This leads to the establishment of mycorrhizae
• 80% of all plants still have this relationship
• Eventually roots form
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Vascular Tissues, seeds, flowers
• One of the most important changes- allows water and materials to move throughout the plant
• First plants could only absorb through osmosis and diffusion- very inefficient
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Vascular Tissues
• Made of xylem and phloem• Xylem moves water and nutrients
from roots UP to leaves• Phloem moves sugars and organic
nutrients up or down the plant depending on needs.
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Seeds • Next important adaptation• Seeds contain the EMBRYO of a
plant- several advantages– Protection- seed coat prevents drying– Nourishment – stored nutrients-
endosperm– Dispersal- spread very efficiently– Delayed growth- seeds can remain
dormant and wait until things are right
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Flowers
• Last adaptation to evolve• Reproductive structures• More efficient because they use
direct pollination through animals, insects, etc…
• Wind is inefficient
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Life cycles• Plants have two phases in their life
cycle – Alternation of Generations• Sporophyte stage- diploid stage
(2n)-produces spores • Gametophyte stage- haploid stage
(n)- produces gametes• Dominant stage varies according
to group of plants
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Vascular plant sporophyte
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Moving onto land
• The first adaptation towards life on land is to conserve water loss
• First land plants resemble algae- store starch, similar pigments, cellulose, similar mitosis
• First group to make the move are the Bryophytes
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Bryophytes
• Oldest plants ~400 million years old
• Autotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes
• 18,600 species• Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
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Bryophytes• Nonvascular- cannot transport water or
nutrients or starch• No true leaves, roots, stems- • Small <20 cm• 3 features of land plants
– Cuticle– Cellular jacket around gametes– Large gametophytes separate from
sporophyte
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Mosses
• 10, 000 species• Grow in moist areas- water still
needed for sperm to move to egg• Peat moss- used for fuel• Rhizoids- root-like structures used
for attachment to soil
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Mosses
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Hornworts
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Liverworts
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Bryophytes life cycle
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Seedless Vascular plants• Next group to evolve further
features for life on land• Xylem and Phloem- move water
and sugars throughout the plant• 13, 000 species• True roots, leaves, stems-
rhizomes• NO SEEDS but use SPORES• Large sporophyte
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Seedless vascular
• 4 major divisions• Pterophyta- ferns• Psilotophyta- whisk ferns• Lycophyta- club mosses• Sphenophyta- horsetails
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Lycophyta
• 1,100 species• Club mosses- still need the water
to reproduce• Commonly called “mini pines”• Cone-like structures called a
strobilus contain spore producing leaves
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Club Mosses
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Psilotophyta
• Whisk ferns- not true ferns• Rhizomes- short branched,
horizontal absorptive stems that grow underground
• Reduced leaves• Photosynthetic branches
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Whisk Ferns
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Sphenophyta• Horsetails ~25 species• Thrive in streambank muds, vacant lots,
roadsides, disrupted habitats• Vegetative photosynthetic stems• Spores give rise to gametophytes• Rhizomes• silica containing stems- scouring rushes
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Horsetails
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Pterophyta
• Ferns- 12,000 species• Largest and most diverse group• Mostly tropical• 1 cm across to 25 m tall• Vascularized rhizomes give rise to
roots and leaves• Sporangia on leaves release spores
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Ferns
• Stomata in leaves• Life cycle dominated by
sporpohyte (1st time we see this)• Eggs and sperm produced- need
water• Immature leaves are called
fiddleheads- mature leaves- fronds
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FernsSorus- clusters of sporangia- spore producing tissue
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Fern life cycle
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Tree fern
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Seed-Bearing Plants• Gymnosperms- nonflowering
– 4 divisions• Cycads• Ginkgos• Conifers• Gnetophytes
• Angiosperms –flowering– 2 subdivisions
• Dicots• monocots
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Gymnosperms• 720 species• “naked seed” seeds not enclosed
in any structure• Cones called strobili• Do NOT need water for sperm to
reach egg- now covered to reduce water loss
• Pollen- enclosed sperm
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Ginkgos- Ginkgophyta
• 1 species alive- Ginkgo biloba flourished during age of dinosaurs
• Fan-shaped leaves• Resistant to air-pollution, insects,
disease, highly planted in cities• Seeds are thick and fleshy and
produced on female trees
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GinkgosFigure 9.1: Ginkgo biloba (A) typical leaf; (B) pollen-bearing strobilus; (C) paired ovules on stalk at the point of pollination. Ovules continue to develop and fertilization takes place after ovules fall to the ground.
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Ginkgos
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Cycads- Cycadophyta
• 100 species alive- also flourished with dinosaurs
• Male and female plants• Leaves resemble a palm tree • Large cones• Several species facing extinction
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Cycads
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Cycads
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Gnetophyta
• 3 genera• One or two strap-shaped leaves
that split as the plant ages• Ephedra- gives us the drug
ephedrine
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Ephedra
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Conifers- Coniferophyta
• Pine trees• Produce true cones• Male cones are small, clustered
and fleshy• Female cones are large and
become woody• Leaves are needle-like
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Conifers• Leaves fall off all year long, but are
continuously replaced- called evergreens
• During pollination- males release clouds of pollen that is airborne to the female cones
• Female cones are fertilized 1 year after pollination
• Germination may take another year
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Conifers
• Sporopohyte is the dominant generation
• May grow for many years• Some are found that were growing
during the age of pharoahs
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Pine Cones
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Angiosperms- flowering plants
• Last group to evolve• Largest group of plants• Seeds enclosed in fruits that grow
from flowers• Flowers are used to attract
pollinators• Seeds and fruits are highly valuable
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Angiosperms
• By this point we have the following major advntages– Cuticle- nonvascular plants– Vascular tissues- vascular seedless– Seeds- gymnosperms– Flowers- angiosperms
• Angiosperms are at the top of the plant evolutionary tree
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Flowers
• Highly specialized reproductive structures
• Stamen- male part- anther + filament- produces pollen
• Pistil-female part –stigma+style+ovary+ovule- produces eggs
• Pollination occurs when pollen is delivered to the egg
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Flowers
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Angiosperm transport
• Roots- absorb nutrients and water and transport them up the plant
• Stems- support plant and transport substances up and down the plant
• Leaves- main photosynthetic organ, draws water up the plant from the roots
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Fruits and seeds
• Ovary of fertilized flower will develop into a fruit
• Fruits contain seeds– Seeds with one half- monocots– Seeds with two halves- dicots
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Plants as food
• How many different plants do we eat for food?
• Fruits – the vegetative (reproductive) part of a plant- all fruits contain seeds
• Vegetable- any other part of the plant- leaf, stem, root
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Root Crops
• Rich in calories, easy to grow• Potatoes, beets, radishes, carrots,
cassava• Grow underground
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Legumes
• Members of the pea family• Protein-rich seeds in pods• Beans, peas, peanuts, soybeans,
alfalfa• Relationships with nitrogen-fixing
bacteria that can put nitrogen back into the soil- farmers rotate crops from corn to soybeans
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Cereals• Grasses that produce grains (dry,
edible, fruit)• Each grain is actually a fruit that
develops from a single flower.• Each corn kernel is a single, fruit• Rich in carbohydrates• More than 70% of all cultivated ground
is used for cereals• Corn, wheat, rice= ½ human calories
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Nonfood uses• Rubber, latex- from rubber tree• Wood-lumber, heating, furniture…• Medicines- aspirin from willow
trees– Digitalis- foxglove plant for heart
disorders– Cancer treatments from periwinkle– Caffeine – Drugs
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Nonfood uses
• Fibers– Paper– Cotton– Flax– Hemp
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Next chapter
• Reproduction– Asexual– Sexual– Flowers– Cones
• Easy chapter!