Planning and Executing a GIS – GPS Project
LARRY C. SHUBAT THE UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, OHIOESRI CONFERENCE JUNE 17, 2007
BioBio
BA Geology BA Geology UC Davis, CAUC Davis, CAArmy ROTC Army ROTC Corps of EngineersCorps of EngineersMS GeodesyMS Geodesy Ohio State Ohio State UnivUnivDefense Mapping Agency [NGA]Defense Mapping Agency [NGA]Retired Army 1997Retired Army 1997UA Surveying and Mapping ProgramUA Surveying and Mapping Program
What is GIS?What is GIS?
The letters GIS stand for:The letters GIS stand for:
GGeographiceographicIInformationnformationSSystems (Science)ystems (Science)
A computer based system that inputs, manipulates, A computer based system that inputs, manipulates, and outputs, and outputs, geographicgeographic information.information.
What is a GIS?What is a GIS?
An Integration of Five Basic ComponentsAn Integration of Five Basic Components
PeoplePeopleSoftwareSoftware
DataData
ProceduresProcedures
HardwareHardware
Carl Kinkaid, ESRI
Reality As Vector DataReality As Vector DataRealReal--world Entities Are Abstracted Into Three world Entities Are Abstracted Into Three
Basic ShapesBasic Shapes
Lines/Arcs/RoutesLines/Arcs/Routes(Roads)(Roads)
Areas/Polygons/RegionsAreas/Polygons/Regions(Land Use)(Land Use)
Points Points (Pest Locations)(Pest Locations)
Carl Kinkaid, ESRI
Getting Data into a GISGetting Data into a GIS
480585.5, 3769234480585.5, 3769234483194.1, 3768432483194.1, 3768432485285.8, 3768391485285.8, 3768391484327.3, 3768565484327.3, 3768565483874.7, 3769823483874.7, 3769823
CoordinatesCoordinates
Paper MapsPaper MapsDigital DataDigital Data
GPSGPS
GISGISDataData
Carl Kinkaid, ESRI
QueryQuery
AnalyzeAnalyze
StoreStore DisplayDisplay
CaptureCapture
OutputOutput
GIS FunctionsGIS Functions
Carl Kinkaid, ESRI
END PRODUCTEND PRODUCT
Visual Display MAPVisual Display MAP
Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process
Resource InventoriesResource Inventories
Digital DatabaseDigital Database
GPSGPS
What is GPS?What is GPS?
GGlobal lobal PPositioning ositioning SSystemystemNAVSTAR: NAVSTAR: NAVNAVigationigation SSystem with ystem with TTiming iming AAnd nd RRanging Developed by U.S. Department of Defense anging Developed by U.S. Department of Defense
Accessible by Civil and MilitaryAccessible by Civil and Military
A satelliteA satellite--based system that features:based system that features:Accurate Navigation, Positioning and TimingAccurate Navigation, Positioning and Timing
Worldwide CoverageWorldwide Coverage
24 hour access24 hour access
No fees to use GPSNo fees to use GPS
Standalone Positioning: By 2011Standalone Positioning: By 2011
C/A Code on L1C/A Code on L1C/A Code on L2C/A Code on L2New Code on L5New Code on L5
11--3 m3 m
Better resistance Better resistance to interferenceto interference
Planning a GIS Planning a GIS –– GPS GPS ProjectProject
Step OneStep One
Define your projectDefine your project
Modify as necessaryModify as necessary
Keep track of lessons learnedKeep track of lessons learned
Step TwoStep Two
Follow A ProcedureFollow A Procedure
Project Planning Procedures
Gather Available
Data
Set-upBase Map
Collect DataGPS
Photos
CreateDatabase
Manipulate DataGeocode
Hyper-link
FINAL MAP
Historical Research
Determine:
DatumProjectionCoordinate
System
Store all data in one location
ESTABLISHING A GIS-GPS PROJECT:
Historical ResearchHistorical Research
WhatWhat’’s in your back yard??s in your back yard??
GPS collects point dataGPS collects point data
Follow basic outline like a Book ReportFollow basic outline like a Book ReportOutline PlanOutline PlanIntroIntroBodyBodySummarySummary
Gather Available DataGather Available Data
Identify ResourcesIdentify Resources
LibraryLibrary
Digital DataDigital Data
ReferencesReferences
DetermineDetermine
DatumDatumHorizontalHorizontalVerticalVertical
Projection for MapProjection for Map (3(3--D to 2D to 2--D)D)UTMUTMState PlaneState Plane
Coordinate SystemCoordinate SystemBased on Datum (Lat, Long or Projection Plane)Based on Datum (Lat, Long or Projection Plane)
DatumsDatums
Horizontal DatumHorizontal DatumEarth Reference System (Geodetic Datum)Earth Reference System (Geodetic Datum)
NAD 27NAD 27NAD 83NAD 83
86 Adjustment86 AdjustmentHARN for each state (Ohio HARN for each state (Ohio –– 1995)1995)NAD 83 (NSPS 2007)NAD 83 (NSPS 2007)
WGS 84WGS 84
Get Lat / Long or X Y = PositionGet Lat / Long or X Y = Position
Vertical Vertical DatumsDatums
ElevationElevation (Z)(Z)Ellipsoid Height (GPS gives)Ellipsoid Height (GPS gives)Orthometric Height (Height of Topography)Orthometric Height (Height of Topography)
Vertical Reference SystemsVertical Reference SystemsMSL = NGVD 1929 (Tidal Gauges)MSL = NGVD 1929 (Tidal Gauges)NAVD 1986 (NAVD 1986 (GeoidGeoid 2003=Gravity Model of Earth)2003=Gravity Model of Earth)
GPS Coordinate SystemGPS Coordinate SystemEarthEarth--Centered EarthCentered Earth--Fixed (ECEF) coordinatesFixed (ECEF) coordinates
++ZZ axisaxis
++XX axisaxis
––YY axis (90axis (90°°WW))
Earth mass center
Coordinates:Coordinates:X Y ZX Y Z
p4p4
Earth Reference System = Ellipsoid = Mathematical Earth Earth Reference System = Ellipsoid = Mathematical Earth Model = Horizontal PositionsModel = Horizontal Positions
EllipsoidEllipsoid(e.g., GRS(e.g., GRS--80, WGS80, WGS--84)84) ++ZZ axis (parallel to axis of rotation)axis (parallel to axis of rotation)
++XX axisaxis(Prime (Prime meridian)meridian)
–Y1
+Z1
Earth mass center–X1
++YY axis (90axis (90°°EE))
––ZZ axisaxis
Equatorial Equatorial planeplane
λ1
φ1
h1
Point #1, LocationPoint #1, Location
Coordinates:Coordinates:((––XX11, , ––YY11,),)((φφ11, , λλ11, ), ) p4p4
Vertical Earth Reference System = Elevation = Vertical Earth Reference System = Elevation = GeoidGeoid
EllipsoidEllipsoid(e.g., GRS(e.g., GRS--80, WGS80, WGS--84)84) ++ZZ axis (parallel to axis of rotation)axis (parallel to axis of rotation)
++XX axisaxis(Prime (Prime meridian)meridian)
–Y1
+Z1
Earth mass center–X1
++YY axis (90axis (90°°EE))
––ZZ axisaxis
Equatorial Equatorial planeplane
λ1
φ1
h1
Point #1, LocationPoint #1, Location
Coordinates:Coordinates:(Z(Z1 to 1 to hh11)) GeoidGeoid
((““mean sea levelmean sea level”” = 0)= 0)
Three Surfaces (X Y Elevation)Three Surfaces (X Y Elevation)
Earth Earth surfacesurface
Ellipsoid
EllipsoidGeoidGeoid
Mean Mean sea levelsea level
X Y
Orthometric Height
EarthEarth--Centered EarthCentered Earth--Fixed (ECEF) coordinatesFixed (ECEF) coordinates
EllipsoidEllipsoid(e.g., GRS(e.g., GRS--80, WGS80, WGS--84)84) ++ZZ axis (parallel to axis of rotation)axis (parallel to axis of rotation)
++XX axisaxis(Prime (Prime meridian)meridian)
––YY axis (90axis (90°°WW))
–Y1
+Z1
Earth mass center–X1––XX axis axis
(180(180°°WW))
++YY axis (90axis (90°°EE))
––ZZ axisaxis
Equatorial Equatorial planeplane
λ1
φ1
h1
Point #1, ArizonaPoint #1, Arizona
Coordinates:Coordinates:((––XX11, , ––YY11, +, +ZZ11))
((φφ11, , λλ11, , hh11))
GeoidGeoid((““mean sea levelmean sea level””))
p4p4
Most Complicated PartMost Complicated Part
Understand Understand DatumsDatums, Coordinate Systems, and , Coordinate Systems, and ProjectionsProjections
What Reference System is the Data in?What Reference System is the Data in?
What is the software doing with the Data?What is the software doing with the Data?
Keep all project data in same Reference SystemKeep all project data in same Reference System
Set Up Base MapSet Up Base Map
OrthoPhotosOrthoPhotos the best the best ––see earthsee earth
Distortion RemovedDistortion Removed
Measure off photosMeasure off photos
County Photos: County Photos: 6 inch resolution6 inch resolution1 foot accuracy1 foot accuracy
UnivUniv of Akronof Akron
Base MapBase Map
CADCAD
Scanned Map ( Scanned Map ( GeoreferenceGeoreference ))
Anything as Background to give perspectiveAnything as Background to give perspective
Project Planning Procedures
Gather Available
Data
Set-upBase Map
Collect DataGPS
Photos
CreateDatabase
Manipulate DataGeocode
Hyper-link
FINAL MAP
Historical Research
Determine:
DatumProjectionCoordinate
System
Store all data in one location
ESTABLISHING A GIS-GPS PROJECT:
Collect DataCollect Data
Best PartBest PartCreate Own Data and Create Own Data and Use ItUse It
Best Learning ApplicationBest Learning Application
CarefullCarefullEasy to make mistakesEasy to make mistakes
Document MetadataDocument Metadata
Create DatabaseCreate Database
Get data into form computer can useGet data into form computer can useCan be frustrating at firstCan be frustrating at firstUnderstand formats of dataUnderstand formats of data
How data is physically savedHow data is physically saved
Excel Excel –– Good Then Convert to dbase (X Y)Good Then Convert to dbase (X Y)ShapefileShapefile Best or Best or GeodatabaseGeodatabasePut everything in one Folder Put everything in one Folder –– database database management management -- Where is the data??Where is the data??
GIS SkillsGIS Skills
HyperlinkingHyperlinking –– Neat (Pictures, Documents)Neat (Pictures, Documents)GeocodingGeocoding
Address Address GeocodingGeocodingGeographic Geographic GeocodingGeocoding
GeoreferencingGeoreferencingManipulate DataManipulate DataProblem SolveProblem SolveLessons LearnLessons Learn
ProcedureProcedure
Keep Track of ProcedureKeep Track of Procedure
Easier Second Time Around!Easier Second Time Around!
Joy To Complete ProjectJoy To Complete Project
In My BackyardIn My Backyard
The Treaty of Greenville was signed on August The Treaty of Greenville was signed on August 3, 3, 17951795 between a coalition of Native Indians between a coalition of Native Indians and the United States. The Treaty of Greenville and the United States. The Treaty of Greenville rere--established the established the western boundary of western boundary of the United States.the United States.
Emergency Phone Emergency Phone Coverage/BufferCoverage/Buffer
Other GIS/GPS ProjectsOther GIS/GPS ProjectsDry Hydrants/CountyDry Hydrants/County
The EndThe End
ProceduresProcedures
Transportability (Data in one file)Transportability (Data in one file)
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned