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PLANKTON
Plankton
Kategori Kehidupan Laut:
1. Benthos: bottom dwellers; sponges, crabs
2. Nekton: perenang kuat- whales, fish, squid
3. Plankton: hewan/tumbuhan yang hanyut di air. Memiliki sedikit kontrol untuk pergerakannya.
termasuk: diatoms, dinoflagellates, larvae, jellyfish, bacteria.
Phytoplankton
Phyto= plant
Plankton= drifting organisms
Critical base of the marine food chain
Responsible for the biological carbon pump
-biologically-mediated pumping of carbon from the surface to the ocean interior
Produce ~50% of atmospheres free oxygen
Most are single-celled
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/plankton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.homestead.com/flowstate/relationabsurd.html&h=150&w=141&sz=7&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=j22IdNGqWNSNZM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=90&prev=/images?q=plankton+blooms&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=
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What Exactly are Plankton?
Plants and animals that live in the water and
cannot swim against major currents. Plants Animals
Faktor yang mempengaruhi?
1. Waves
2. Tides
3. Currents
Plankton diklasifikasikan berdasarkan:
Size
Habitat
Taxonomy
Size: Picoplankton (.2-2 m) bacterioplankton
Nanoplankton (2 - 20 m) protozoans
Microplankton (20-200 m) diatoms, eggs,
larvae
Macroplankton (200-2,000 m) some eggs,
juvenile fish
Megaplankton (> 2,000 m) includes
jellyfish, ctenophores, Mola mola
http://www.fishbase.org/photos/BestPhotoSummary.cfm?StartRow=40&ID=1732
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Holoplankton- Seluruh siklus hidupnya sebagai
plankton Ex. Jellyfish, diatoms, copepods Meroplankton- Sebagian dari siklus hidupnya
sebagai plankton Ex. fish and crab larvae, eggs
Habitat:
snail lobster
fish
Siklus hidup squid
Squid dalam siklusnya pernah sebagai benthic, planktonic, and nektonic
Squid digulongkan sebagai meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton)
Pleuston- organisme yang secara pasif mengapung di permukaan laut
Ex. Physalia, Velella
Neuston organisme yang hidup beberapa mm
dari permukaan air
Ex. bacteria, protozoa, larvae; light intensity too high
for phytoplankton
Habitat:
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia
Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book,
Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL
60661. All rights reserved.
Maira & Rod Borland, Bruce Coleman,
Inc.
Neuston net
Taxonomy Zooplankton Phytoplankton
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/phyllos.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/merop.html&h=305&w=353&prev=/images?q=phyllosoma+larva&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&sa=Ghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/veligerb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ibss.iuf.net/people/skryabin/merop.html&h=188&w=158&prev=/images?q=phyllosoma+larva&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&sa=Ghttp://www.icman.csic.es/invest/dorada.jpg
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Importance of Phytoplankton
Penurunan populasi fitoplankton disebabkan oleh zooplankton.
Phytoplankton dasar dari rantai makanan.
Why Are Plankton So Important?
Small fish
Mackerel
Tuna
Seasonal Cycle: the North Atlantic Bloom
Winter: strong winds, deep mixing, high nutrients but phytoplankton cant use them because mixing exposes them to low and variable light conditions
Spring: water column stabilizes, favorable light conditions, bloom, nutrient uptake
Summer: Continued water column stability, moderate productivity but biomass remains relatively low and stable due to equilibrium with zooplankton consumption
Fall: Possible secondary bloom as winds increase and mix nutrients into surface, but before mixing becomes too deep
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Nitrate
Chlorophyll
Zooplankton
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Phytoplankton- dibatasi di zona euphotic dimana cahaya cukup tersedia untuk fotosintesis.
Blooms:
High nutrients
Upwelling
Seasonal conditions
Diatoms: temperate and polar waters, silica case or shell
Dinoflagellates: tropical and subtropical waters.... also
summer in temperate
Coccolithophores: tropical, calcium carbonate shells or
"tests"
Silicoflagellates: silica internal skeleton... found world
wide, particularly in Antarctic
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): not true algae, often in
brackish nearshore waters and warm water gyres
Green Algae: not common except in lagoons and estuaries
Some important types of phytoplankton
Crustaceans: Copepods Krill Cladocera Mysids Ostracods
Jellies Cniderian (True jellies, Man-of-wars, By-the-wind-sailors) Ctenophores (comb jellies) Urochordates (salps and larvacea) Worms (Arrow worms, polychaetes) Pteropods (planktonic snails)
Some important types of zooplankton Importance of krill in Antarctic food web
http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/questions/dp_biosphere/bios_place/cyanobacteria.gifhttp://www.iie.com.br/imagens/cladocera.jpghttp://hooge.developmentalbiology.com/meiofauna/media/ostracod.jpghttp://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/pl_34.jpg
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Chaetognath Copepod
Crab larvae
jellies
Fish larvae
Queen Trigger fish Egg to Juv.
Oikopleura
Jelly-like house
Marine snow
tunicate Marine Snow
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chaetoblack.png
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Marine Snow
Base of Florida Escarpment covered with marine snow. Octocorals attach to steep sides and under ledges to avoid burial.
A major component of marine snow is fecal pellets
Marine Snow
Nutritional modes of zooplankton:
Herbivores: feed primarily on
phytoplankton
Carnivores: feed primarily on other
zooplankton (animals)
Detrivores: feed primarily on dead
organic matter (detritus)
Omnivores: feed on mixed diet of
plants and animals and detritus
Vertical Zonation of Zooplankton
Epipelagic: upper 200-300 m water column; high diversity, mostly small and transparent organisms; many herbivores
Mesopelagic = 300 1000 m; larger than epipelagic relatives; large forms of gelatinous zooplankton (jellyfish, appendicularians) due to lack of wave action; some larger species (krill) partly herbivorous with nightly migration into epipelagic regimes; many species with black or red color and big eyes (why?);
Oxygen Minimum Zone: 400 800 m depth, accumulation of fecal material due to density gradient, attract high bacterial growth, which in turn attracts many bacterial and larger grazers; strong respiration reduces O2 content from 4-6 mg l-1 to < 2 mg l-1
Bathypelagic: 1000 3000 m depth, many dark red colored, smaller eyes
Abyssopelagic: > 3000 m depth, low diversity and low abundance
Demersal or epibenthic: live near or temporarily on the seafloor; mostly crustaceans (shrimp and mysids) and fish
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Diurnal vertical migration
Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime
1. Nocturnal Migration
single daily ascent near sunset
2. Twilight migration (crepuscular period)
two ascents and two descents
3. Reverse migration
rise during day and descend at night
Diurnal Vertical Migration
Each species has its own preferred day and night depth range, which may vary with lifecycle.
Advantages for Diurnal vertical
migration
1. An antipredator strategy; less visual to
predators
Zooplankton migrate to the surface at night
and below during the day to the
mesopelagic zone. Copepods avoid
euphasiids which avoid chaetognaths.
Energy conservation
Encounter new feeding areas
Get genetic mixing of populations
Hastens transfer of organic
material produced in the euphotic
zone to the deep sea
Advantages for DVM
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Plankton Patchiness
Zooplankton not distributed uniformly
or randomly
Aggregated into patches of variable
size
Difficult to detect with plankton nets
- Nets average the catch over the
length of the tow
May explain enormous variability in
catches from net tows at close
distances apart
Causes of Patchiness Aggregations around phytoplankton
- If phytoplankton occurs in patches,
grazers will be drawn to food
- Similar process that led to
phytoplankton patches will form
zooplankton patches
Grazing holes
Physical process
- Langmuir Cells
- Internal waves
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Accumulation of Plankton
in Langmuir Cells
Buoyant particles and upward-
swimming zooplankton will
accumulate over downwelling
zones
Langmuir Cells
Langmuir Cells Internal Waves
Underwater
waves
propagated
along the
thermocline
Generated by
overflow over
rough
topography
Much greater
amplitude than
surface waves
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Satellite image of internal wave Deep sea scattering layer: Composite echogram of hydroacoustic data showing a distinct krill scattering layer. Black line represents surface tracking of a blue whale feeding
patchiness
Plankton Tow
Aiea High School students aboard the Honu Kai
Red Tides, or Harmful Algal Blooms
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Red Tides are actually Harmful Algal Blooms, or simply Algal Blooms.
Algal blooms are not always red, can also be green, brown, orange, or even not pigmented at all.
Red Tides have little to no relation to actual ocean tides.
Many different species and organisms can cause the phenomenon, and there is no single cause.
Image: http://drake.marin.k12.ca.us/stuwork/ROCKwater/PLANKTON/redtide.jpg
Algal Blooms
http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/lstokey/2005/1/v43n2-anderson4en_5499.jpg
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TUGAS
BUAT KLASIFIKASI, MORFOLOGI, HABITAT, DAN HAL HAL YANG TERKAIT
NPM Ganjil Fitoplankton
NPM Genap Zooplankton
Masing-masing 5 spesies
Lengkapi dengan gambar
BUAT KLIPING TENTANG RED TIDE DAN HARMFUL ALGA BLOOM
DIKUMPULKAN MINGGU DEPAN