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PlanetaryGeology
Geology Colloquium
Dr. Peter Sak , Dickinson CollegeInterseismic Coupling, Quaternary Uplift Rates, and Fore Arc Deformation along the Costa Rican
Segment of the Middle American Trench
Thursday 4/26 345 snacks, 400 talk
310 White Hall
Tucker County Research Assistants
• Beau Downing & Kory Konsoer taking group out at 10:00 on Monday
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Susan Reichley, undated, Water: Life's Elixir in the Solar System, URL: www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system/water/water_index.html. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, California Institute of Technology, 4 web pages.
Light Web Based Reading Assignment for today:
Sun
Relative Size of All 9 Planets4 Terrestrial
Planets 4 Jovian Planets Pluto
http://btc.montana.edu/CERES/html/PlanetSizes/images/solars0.gif
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Distance from Sun
AsteroidBelt
Comets “Ort Cloud”Terrestrial
Planets Jovian Planets
Characteristics of Planets in Our Solar SystemTerrestrial Planets Jovian Planets
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Diam. 0.38 0.95 1.00 0.53 11.21 9.45 4.01 3.88 0.18
Mass 0.06 0.81 1.00 0.11 317.9 95.2 14.5 17. 0.02
Density 5.42 5.25 5.50 3.94 1.33 0.69 1.29 1.64 2.05
Moons 0 0 1 2 40 30+ 22 15? 10 0 1 2 62 33 27 13 1
Rings no no no no yes yes yes yes no
Craters many few few some no no no no yes?
Updated 2004 from NASA data & http://www.solarviews.com/eng/solarsys.htm2007 Update http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Moons/MoonsSolSys.html
Characteristics of Planets in Our Solar SystemTerrestrial Planets Jovian Planets
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Diam. 0.38 0.95 1.00 0.53 11.21 9.45 4.01 3.88 0.18
Mass 0.06 0.81 1.00 0.11 317.9 95.2 14.5 17. 0.02
Density 5.42 5.25 5.50 3.94 1.33 0.69 1.29 1.64 2.05
Moons 0 0 1 2 40 30+ 22 15? 10 0 1 2 62 33 27 13 1
Rings no no no no yes yes yes yes no
Craters many few few some no no no no yes?
Updated 2004 from NASA data & http://www.solarviews.com/eng/solarsys.htm2007 Update http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Moons/MoonsSolSys.html
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Earth
Oldest Mineral: 4.4 BYOldest Rock: 3.8 BYOldest Ocean: ~200 MYOldest Landforms: <50 MY??
Antarctic View of Earth
What will be the last evidence of human beings?
Oldest Mineral: 4.4 BYOldest Rock: 3.8 BYOldest Ocean: ~200 MYOldest Landforms: <50 MY??
Last Evidence of HumankindLeft on the Lunar Surface
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Earth’s Moon
Highlands
Mare
Major Landforms Types:
Impact Craters(Breccia)
Mare(Basalt)
Highlands (Anorthosite = Gabbro)
Lunar Surface
Mare3.1-3.8 BY
Highlands4.0-4.4 BY
Collapsed Lava Tube
Rill =
ImpactCraters
Impact Craters
Ejecta
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Large Lunar Impact Crater
Ejecta Blanket
Central Upland
Rim
Generic Terrestrial Planet History
• Accretion• Rapid Contraction, Heating, Outgassing
– Magma Ocean ~100,000,000 years Slow Contraction, Heat Loss
– Fractionation into Crust, Mantle, Core (Continued Impacts-Breccias)
• Partial Melting, Volcanoes, Plate Tectonics– Larger Planets: Active Longer
Mercury
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Venus
Sister Planets?
Not!
Two Views of Venus
Visual RADAR
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Venus Topography
Akna Mountains
Folded Mountain Belt?
200 km X 125 km
Artemis CoronaPossible Subduction Zone & Magmatic Arc
2000 km diameter
6 vertical km chasma to rim
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Maat Mons volcano & Lava Flow
Venus Landscape on an Impossibly “Clear” Day
Domes Near Alpha Regio
25 km diam.750 m high
http://www.astronomical.org/planets/jpeg/ven/pancakes.jpg
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Wind Streaks
35 km long
Volcano =5 km diam
Mead Crater Wind Streaks
Surface From Venera 13
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Mars
VallisMarinaris
Mars Topography
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Map of Martian Impact Craters >100 km Diameter
Martian Surface Ages
Noachian3.85-4.6 by
Amazonian 0-1.8 by
Hesperian1.8-3.85 by
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Cratered Highlands
Cratered HighlandsSame Imaged, But Rotated to Show Shadow Effect
Mass Wasting
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Tyrrhena Petera
Ceraunius & Uranius Tholi
Ulysses Patera
Volcanowith
Impact Craters
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Ulysses Patera
Mars Topography
TharsisVolcanoes
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OlympusMons
Solar System’s Largest Volcano
Basaltic? Shield Volcano
Polar “Ice”
Sheet
Map of Channels
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Dendritic Channels
Martian Meanders
Gullies in Nirgal Vallis, Mars
Next Slide: Source Info & Discussion by Malin Science
Center
JSK: Debris Flow or Avalanche Tracks Feeding Debris Cones that
Lap Over Megaripples
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Gullies in Nirgal Vallis, MarsMars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera
Release No. MOC2-535, 5 November 2003http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0006/marsnewton_mgs_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.astro.cz/apod/ap000626.html&h=797&w=1067&sz=225&tbnid=bxX4Emk9ttgJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&start=33&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Bon%2BMars%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
• This is a Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) narrow angle image of gullies carved into debris on the south-facing wall of Nirgal Vallis, an ancient martianvalley. The gullies were conduits for sediment that has accumulated at a point where each channel met the valley floor. The aprons of debris are superposed upon the large ripple-like dunes, suggesting that the gullies are younger than these bedforms. Gullies such as these might have been formed by a liquid, such as water, seeping from the layered bedrock exposed in the valley wall, or perhaps by mass movement of the smooth-surfaced debris that covers much of the lower two-thirds of the valley wall. Image is located near 28.6°S, 41.5°W, and covers an area 3 km (1.9 mi) across, illuminated by sunlight from the upper left.