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MONITORING THE IMPACT OF MONITORING THE IMPACT OF DESALINATION PLANT DISCHARGE ON DESALINATION PLANT DISCHARGE ON
MARINE ENVIRONMENT: PROCEDURES & MARINE ENVIRONMENT: PROCEDURES & PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS
P.K. Krishnakumar; Mohammed Qurban; Joydas & K.P. ManikandanCentre for Environment & Water, Research InstituteKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING?
A science-based tool that can detect and measure changes in the ecosystems (i.e., receiving environments) potentially affected by human activity (i.e., effluent discharges).
Required by law and helps to assess the adequacy of the effluent & discharge regulations for protecting the environment (Compliance).
An interactive system of monitoring to assess the effectiveness of environmental management measures.
An assessment tool to determine the sustainability of human activities on ecosystem health.
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DESALINATION PLANT DISCHARGE
Discharge of hot brine with high salt concentration to the sea
Chemical additives and biocides in the discharge
Screening,FiltrationSeawater
Intake
Desalination Plant
DirectDischarge
Heat / Power
Addition of Chemicals(Anti-Scaling , Anti-
Foaming, Anti-Corrosion, Desinfection etc).
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IMPACT ON RECEIVING WATER
Desalination Plant
Marine Environment
Discharge
Mixing Zone
Salinity increaseTemperature increaseDecrease in dissolved oxygen (DO)Toxicity (chlorine, trace metals etc.)
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WHAT SHOULD THE STUDY EXAMINE?
FOCUS OF STUDY PARAMETERS STUDY FREQUENCY
Water QualityWater QualityEffluent Receiving Water
Temp., Salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Contaminants etc.
Real timeWeeklyMonthly
Sediment QualitySediment Quality Grain Size, Salinity,Contaminants etc.
MonthlySeasonal
Health of Marine OrganismsHealth of Marine OrganismsPlankton,Benthos etc.
Abundance, Biomass, Biodiversity etc.
MonthlySeasonal
Ecosystem HealthEcosystem HealthMangrove, Seagrass, Coral Reef, Fish & Fisheries etc.
% Live cover, Abundance, Biomass, Diversity etc.
SeasonalAnnual
BioaccumulationBioaccumulationInvertebrates (bivalves)Fishes
Trace metals, Biocides etc.
SeasonalAnnual
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MONITORING STATION PATTERN- EXAMPLE
SHORE
Water CurrentWater Current
Coral ReefCoral Reef
SeagrassSeagrass SeagrassSeagrass
(Distance is not as per scale)
OUTFALL
Near FieldNear Field(Mixing Zone)(Mixing Zone)
Far FieldFar Field
1 23
6
7 8
13
5
4
9
10
11
12
14
15
Water/Sediment- StationsWater/Sediment- StationsEcological Study StationsEcological Study Stations
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MONITORING- WATER QUALITY
Receiving Water Quality:•Temperature, •Salinity, •TDS, •Dissolved Oxygen, •pH, •Turbidity, •Contaminants (metals)
Effluent Quality: •Temperature, •Salinity, •TDS, •Dissolved Oxygen, •pH •Toxicity etc.
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MONITORING- PLANKTONMONITORING- PLANKTON
PlanktonPhytoplanktonZooplankton
Productivity or Chlorophyll aAbundance, biomass & diversity
ZOOPLANKTONZOOPLANKTON
PHYTOPLANKTONPHYTOPLANKTON
USING PLANKTON NET
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MONITORING- SEDIMENT & BENTHOSMONITORING- SEDIMENT & BENTHOS
Sediment qualityGrain sizeSalinityContaminants
Benthic OrganismsAbundanceBiomassBiodiversity
1 2
3 4
Sediment & Benthos Sampling Macro-Benthos
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ECOSYSTEM MONITORINGECOSYSTEM MONITORING
Mangroves Seagrasses Coral reefs Salt Marshes
Health of EcosystemMangrovesSeagrassCoral ReefSalt Marsh, Lagoons etc.
Study components% Live CoverAbundanceBiomassBiodiversity etc.
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ECOSYSTEM MONITORING Cont..ECOSYSTEM MONITORING Cont..
Long term & SeasonalLong term & SeasonalSCUBA DivingSnorkelingTransect SurveyBiotope mappingVisual InspectionSurvey using ROVs
SCUBA DivingSCUBA Diving
ROV
ROV
Reef FishReef Fish Reef FishReef Fish SeagrassSeagrass TurtleTurtle
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MONITORING- FISH & FISHERIESMONITORING- FISH & FISHERIES
Experimental FishingTrends in fish catchFish abundance & biomassBiodiversityAdult-Juvenile ratioBioaccumulation
FishingFishing Fish CatchFish Catch ShrimpShrimp FishFish
Catch Sorting & Taking MeasurementsCatch Sorting & Taking Measurements
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BIOACCUMULATION STUDY USING BIVALVES Deploy bivalves using net or cages near the marine outfall locations.After few months, remove & analyze the tissue for contaminants and assessing “Biomarkers” levels.
MusselsMusselsOystersOysters ClamsClams Using net for DeploymentUsing net for Deployment
Bivalve deployment designBivalve deployment design Removing bivalve tissue for analysisRemoving bivalve tissue for analysis
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AUTOMATIC MONITORING USING BUOYS
Buoys typically consists of several components, including a buoy platform, data logger, solar power, telemetry equipment, mooring hardware, temperature string, sondes and various sensors.
It provides real time & continuous data on water quality.
Array of buoysArray of buoys
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IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING STUDIESIMPORTANCE OF MONITORING STUDIES
Compliance Status: To find out whether conforming to the national/international standards or rules.
Environmental Risk Assessment: Identification of risks related to discharge for management actions.
Environmental Auditing: Performance evaluation of the plant.
Conservation and Protection: To conserve the marine living resources.
Social Commitment: Sustainable use of natural resources.
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU