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Phytoremediation of Phytoremediation of VOC’sVOC’s: Understanding : Understanding
Fate & Innovative ApplicationsFate & Innovative Applications
Joel G. BurkenJoel G. BurkenCivil, Architectural & Environmental EngineeringCivil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering
Univ. of MissouriUniv. of Missouri--Rolla Rolla
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsUMR: UMR: Graduate students Xingmao Ma, Garrett Graduate students Xingmao Ma, Garrett
Struckhoff, Jeff Weishaar, Sally BreiteStruckhoff, Jeff Weishaar, Sally Breite
USGS:USGS: John SchumacherJohn Schumacher
Weston Solutions: Weston Solutions: Matt McCaughey, Bill SchneiderMatt McCaughey, Bill Schneider
Univ. South CarolinaUniv. South Carolina:: Lee NewmanLee Newman
USGS
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Volatile Compounds
Organics, metals
Xylem
Enhanced Biodegradation
Phloem
Phytoremediation ProcessesContaminant interactions•VOC Uptake & Volatilize•Plant Degradation•Enhanced Biodegradation
Volatile Compounds
Plant metabolism
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Tree CoringTree CoringMethods: D. VrobleskyMethods: D. VrobleskyCollect a core sample of the Collect a core sample of the trunk/stemtrunk/stemCore sample placed into vialCore sample placed into vialAfter equilibration time headspace is After equilibration time headspace is analyzed via GCanalyzed via GCPartition coefficients used to Partition coefficients used to determine initial concentrationsdetermine initial concentrations
Headspace Analysis
USGS
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Concentration in Biomass vs. heightConcentration in Biomass vs. height
-2024
68
10
0 2 4 6 8
TCE in tree core (ug/g)
Cor
e he
ight
(m)
Concentration decreased exponentiallywith elevation up the trunk
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Modeling configurationModeling configuration
J(z+∆z)
J(z)
J( r )
C(r,z)∆r
∆zJ( r+∆r )
Tree
R
Z
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Processes involved in the modelProcesses involved in the model
Chemical transport upward in xylemChemical transport upward in xylemChemical transport downward in phloemSorption/desorptionDiffusionDiffusionMetabolism
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Model Prediction: distributionModel Prediction: distribution
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Height (cm)
TCE
con
cent
ratio
ns in
the
trans
pira
tion
stre
am (p
pm)
MeasuredModel
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Model Prediction: DiffusionModel Prediction: Diffusion
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Height (cm)
TCE
diffu
sion
(mg/
inch
.6d)
MeasuredCalculated
Effective Diffusivity was 0.4 – 2.5 x 10-6 cm2/s
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Total diffusion mass vs. influent Total diffusion mass vs. influent
Accumulative Diffusion mass, 28 day dose period
y = 0.0146x - 0.323R2 = 0.9866
y = 0.007x + 0.0443R2 = 0.9814
02468
101214
0 200 400 600 800 1000Feed Concentration, ppm
TCE
Cap
ture
d, m
g Upper Diffusion TrapsLower Diffusion Traps
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Relationship to Relationship to VadoseVadose zone zone Soil 1.2 m deepSoil 1.2 m deep
R2 = 0.88
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
μg PCE / kg media
mg
PCE
/ kg
tree
core
Vadose Concentration
GroundwaterR2 = 0.48
Re: Garrett Struckhoff
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Aberdeen Proving Ground JAberdeen Proving Ground J--FieldField
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RE: Jeff Weishaar
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New Haven MissouriSampled by John Schumacher USGSRolla Missouri
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0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
3 5 7.5 12.5 16.5
Directional variability in tetrachloroethene(PCE) concentrations in core samples collected fromtree TW28 on June 30, 2003.
HEIGHT ABOVE LAND SURFACE, IN FEET
North side of tree
South side of tree
TW28
USGS
Perhaps – directional capability in a single tree?
From:U.S.G.S. Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5049,
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Recent Site InvestigationsRecent Site Investigations
1,1,2,21,1,2,2--TeCA, APG West Canal area. Heavily TeCA, APG West Canal area. Heavily Wooded area, contaminated aquifer @ 15Wooded area, contaminated aquifer @ 15--20’20’PCE in Urban Setting, much of New Haven Missouri (next slide)PAHsPAHs at Field site: at Field site: NapthaleneNapthalene, , AnthraceneAnthracene –– 2 2 othersothersRecent paper by Don Vroblesky, USGS Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 2004Multiple sites, basesMultiple sites, bases
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Mass RemovalMass RemovalDiffusion traps placed to collect Diffusion traps placed to collect VOCs VOCs Mass collection is related to Mass collection is related to efluxeflux..Using transpiration rates of Using transpiration rates of trees, mass removal from aquifer trees, mass removal from aquifer can be estimated (under way).can be estimated (under way).
Confirmed to date: PCE, TCE, Confirmed to date: PCE, TCE, CarbonTetrachlorideCarbonTetrachloride, BTEX , BTEX (Lab), Naphthalene & PAHs(Lab), Naphthalene & PAHs
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ND
7.62 μg/day
12.12 μg/day
3.66-6.35 μg/day7.36-8.68 μg/day
0.40-4.01 μg/day8.09-8.18 μg/day
11.91 μg/day
0.62-1.05 μg/day
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Potential: “VOC Lift”Potential: “VOC Lift”
As As VOCsVOCs translocatetranslocate, , potential exists to diffuse potential exists to diffuse subsurface.subsurface.Enhanced Enhanced biodegradation of biodegradation of hydrocarbonshydrocarbonsRelease with organic Release with organic substrates for reductive substrates for reductive dechlorinationdechlorination
-2024
68
10
0 2 4 6 8
TCE in tree core (ug/g)C
ore
heig
ht (m
)
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SummarySummary
Tree coring for VOCs can provide site Tree coring for VOCs can provide site investigation, plume delineation for shallow GWinvestigation, plume delineation for shallow GW
Quickly, inexpensively, in tight places, easilyQuickly, inexpensively, in tight places, easily
Diffusion of VOC in phytoremediation Diffusion of VOC in phytoremediation Soil, Soil, vadosevadose zone zone VOCsVOCs are closely related to are closely related to core concentrationscore concentrationsMultiple compounds are applicable, Multiple compounds are applicable, SemiVOCsSemiVOCs
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Innovative approachesInnovative approaches
Vadose Zone, VaporVadose Zone, Vapor--phase Phytoremediationphase Phytoremediation
Monitoring & detailed delineation of plumesMonitoring & detailed delineation of plumes
Groundwater management, controlling Groundwater management, controlling infiltration and promoting contaminated infiltration and promoting contaminated groundwater acquisition.groundwater acquisition.
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Thank you!Thank you!
Thanks for your valued time.Thanks for your valued time.
Funding provided by : Funding provided by : National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation, EPAEPA--MHSRC, BP, Weston MHSRC, BP, Weston Solutions, US Geological Solutions, US Geological Survey.Survey.
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CollaborationsCollaborations
BP (Amoco BP (Amoco –– Atlantic Richfield) Atlantic Richfield) –– Petroleum Petroleum and Chlorinated VOCsand Chlorinated VOCsVirginia Tech Virginia Tech –– Creosote, Creosote, napthalenenapthaleneUS Army US Army –– Fort Leonard Wood & Aberdeen Fort Leonard Wood & Aberdeen Proving GroundProving GroundUniversity of Washington University of Washington –– Chlorinated Chlorinated solventssolventsPro2Serve: DOE facility Pro2Serve: DOE facility –– Chlorinated SolventsChlorinated Solvents
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Concete drainage ditchStorm
sewer dropbox
Concrete slab
Front Street Building
Concrete slab
Property fence
Fence post
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
1.5 FEET ABOVE THE LAND SURFACE 7.0 FEET ABOVE THE LAND SURFACE
PERCENTAGE OF THE MAXIMUM PCE CONCENTRATION DETECTED AT EACHHEIGHT. DIRECTION IN DEGREES FROM NORTH
Not to Scale
0O
330O
300O
270O
240O
210O180O
150O
120O
90O
60O30O TW02
0O
330O
300O
270O
240O
210O180O
150O
120O
90O
60O30O
N
Soil and soil-gassample location
Soil boring done during theremedial investigation(U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, 2003)
TW02
RADIAL VARIABILITY
USGS