![Page 1: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Chapter 8
Physical and Cognitive Development
![Page 2: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Middle Childhood Physical and Cognitive Development
![Page 3: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Development is continuous
• Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors interact
• Development occurs in a broad social context
• Physical growth is gradual until children experience adolescent growth spurt
Development in middle childhood
Physical and Motor Development
![Page 4: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Physical Development in Middle Childhood
![Page 5: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Physical and Motor Development
![Page 6: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Changes in Body Size and Proportion During Middle Childhood
Broad variations in growth patterns occur during middle childhood. The illustrated changes are typical.
![Page 7: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Brain development continues, neural plasticity remains high
• Gender difference in cerebellar size
• Lateralization of brain becomes more pronounced
• Gray matter follows a different developmental path than does white matter
• Brain development in childhood and adolescence involves a balance of growth, as well as the pruning away, of neural cells
Brain changes
Physical and Motor Development
![Page 8: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The leading cause of death is accidents, especially involving motor vehicles
Obesity is increasing: over 19% of U.S. grade-school-age children are obese
Physical activity and exercise have been declining
Minor illnesses occur
Middle childhood is one of healthiest periods in life
Health
Health, Fitness, and Accidents
![Page 9: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Video produced by the Dove Corporation to highlight body image and self-esteem issues among girls in middle childhood: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWzbIVwGd1E
Video Clip
![Page 10: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Trends in U.S. Childhood Obesity Ages 6 to 11 Years
![Page 11: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Assessing Obesity
![Page 12: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Describes New Jersey’s initiative to combat childhood obesity using health report cards http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXvDI3Lh9xQ
Video Clip
![Page 13: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Asthma
Asthma
• Most prevalent chronic disease in children in U.S.
• Gender, ethnic, genetic, and regional differences in prevalence
• Suggested causes include pollution, indoor and outdoor activities
![Page 14: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Accidents and Injuries
Accidents
• Accidents cause more child deaths than the six other major causes of death combined
• Pneumonia or influenza, heart disease, birth defects, cancer, suicide, and homicide
• Accidents also are leading cause of physical disability in childhood
![Page 15: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Leading Causes of Death Rank <1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-24
1 Congenital Anomalies
5107
Unintentional Injury 1394
Unintentional Injury 758
Unintentional Injury 885
Unintentional Injury
12,341
2 Short Gestation
4148
Congenital Anomalies
507
Malignant Neoplasms
439
Malignant Neoplasms
477
Homicide 4678
3 SIDS 2063
Homicide 385
Congenital Anomalies
1683
Sicide 267
Suicide 4600
4 Maternal Pregnancy
Complications
1561
Malignant Neoplasms
346
Homicide 111
Homicide 150
Malignant Neoplasms
1604
5 Unintentional Injury
1,110
Heart Disease 159
Heart Disease 68 Congenital Anomalies 135
Heart Disease 1028
6 Placenta Cord.
Membranes 1,030
Influenza & Pneumonia
91
Chronic Low Respiratory Disease
60
Heart Disease 117
Congenital Anomalies 412
![Page 16: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Psyc
holo
gica
l di
sord
ers
and
men
tal
illne
ss
About 20% children age 9-17 have mental disorders with at least mild functional impairment Some disorders, such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, are most commonly diagnosed in childhood Under-recognition of mental illness as a major problem of childhood is a concern Treatment decisions can be difficult
Psychological Disorders
![Page 17: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Piag
et a
nd C
oncr
ete
Ope
ratio
nal T
hink
ing
Children move from preoperational to concrete operational thought during
the years from ages 5 to 7
Thought becomes less intuitive and egocentric and more logical
Thinking becomes more reversible, flexible, and complex
Cause-effect evaluations are possible
Cognitive Development
![Page 18: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Preoperational Versus Concrete Operational Thought
![Page 19: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
FIGURE 8-5 Piaget’s Matchstick Problem Concrete operational children realize that the six matchsticks in the zigzag top row will make a longer line than the five matchsticks in the straight bottom row. Younger children will say that the bottom row is the longest because they tend to center only on the end points of the two lines and not on what lies between them.
Piaget’s Matchstick Problem
![Page 20: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Piag
et a
nd C
oncr
ete
Ope
ratio
nal T
hink
ing
Children become more skilled in using words to help them understand, structure, and solve problems
Concrete operational children can theorize about the world around them
Acquisition of concrete operational thought is gradual and occurs without formal education or prompting
Cognitive Development
![Page 21: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Piaget and Education
• Piaget believed children are better off when they learn at their own pace and that learning is best when it is intrinsically motivated rather than extrinsically rewarded
• Use of concrete objects can enhance learning and cognitive development
• Use of concrete learning aides promotes active learning and constructivist knowledge
Cognitive Development
![Page 22: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mem
ory
and
met
acog
nitio
n Children’s memory strategies and techniques—control processes—improve with age
Children are better able to monitor their own thinking, memory, knowledge, goals, and actions—
metacognition
Metacognition begins at about age 6 and emerges more fully between the ages of 7 and 10
Cognitive Development
![Page 23: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Control Processes Used by Children in Middle Childhood
![Page 24: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Language • Language learning expands, as vocabulary increases and complex grammar
is mastered • Reading and writing skills (literacy) are natural growths of language
development • Development of reading and writing skills during middle childhood is
complex and multidimensional • Teachers and peers aid in enhancing literacy skills
Language and Literacy Development
![Page 25: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conditions That Promote Literacy
![Page 26: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conditions That Promote Literacy
![Page 27: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Individual differences • Intelligence test scores
are used in educational, career, and public policy decisions
• In many developed nations, educational opportunities depend heavily on how well the child performs on standardized tests.
Individual Differences in Intelligence
![Page 28: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Assessment of intelligence • IQ scores today assessed by
comparing individual’s score with scores of other people in same age range—deviation IQ
• Two commonly used assessments of intelligence – Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scale
– Wechsler (versions for varying ages: WPPSI, WISC, WAIS)
Individual Differences in Intelligence
![Page 29: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Howard Gardner
• Promotes broad-based model of intellectual abilities consisting of eight “types” of intelligence
Robert Sternberg
• Developed a broad triarchic theory of intelligence • Contextual
intelligence • Experiential
intelligence • Componential
intelligence
The Nature of Intelligence
![Page 30: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gardner’s Eight Types of Intelligence
![Page 31: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Some U.S. minority groups typically score lower on average on tests when compared to Whites
• Some disparity may be due to cultural bias in tests
• Research suggests that race is not a factor in determining intelligence, although culture probably is
• When social and economic circumstances are considered, group difference in intelligence all but disappear
• IQ is dynamic interaction of genetics and environment
Race and intelligence
Race and Intelligence
![Page 32: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• World customs differ as to when children enter school and how long they remain
• Children face a variety of new expectations and adjustments when they enter school
• Students must meet behavioral expectations when in school, and teachers spend a good amount of time enforcing rules, disciplining and praising, in addition to performing their teaching duties
Learning and thinking
Learning and Thinking in School
![Page 33: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• U.S. schools are placing greater emphasis on teaching learning and thinking schools
• Teachers try to develop different teaching strategies to teach different skills and to meet the individual needs and learning styles of students
• Group projects seem to aid in critical thinking. They also foster cooperative, rather than competitive, learning
Competent learners and critical thinkers
Developing Competent Learners and Critical Thinkers
![Page 34: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
School success influenced by many factors
– Achievement motivation
– Gender differences
Success in School
![Page 35: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Motivation for learning is
influenced by ways that
teachers and parents
encourage children
• Girls tend to adopt a “performance” focus while boys adopt a “learning” focus
• A critical goal is to encourage children to develop a “learning” orientation
• Praise is critical for children to develop a positive academic self-concept
Success in School
![Page 36: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Evaluating Gender Bias in the Classroom: Questions for Parents
![Page 37: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Developmental Disorders
![Page 38: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning and self-help skills
• Genetics, birth, or early childhood trauma • Social deprivation • Unknown causes • Severity and extensiveness of impairment
Condition characterized by
Condition only diagnosed when child can be tested, usually school age
Intellectual Disability
![Page 39: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability
![Page 40: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Levels of Mental Retardation
![Page 41: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Learning Disorders
![Page 42: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ADHD
![Page 43: Physical and Cognitive Development - Angelfirerichardtheadjunct.angelfire.com/Chapter_8_Power... · • Development is continuous • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071003/5fc04b18b45b4065954b86c7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ADHD