Pesquisa em Bioenergia em São
Paulo
Carlos H de Brito Cruz
Scientific Director
The São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESPhttp://www.fapesp.br
http://bioenfapesp.org
123092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Rationale
Global Climate Change: Reducing GHG emissions
Scarcity of resources
– Oil is finite
• (But note that “the stone age ended, but this was not because of a
lack of stones”)
Energy security (as Food Security)
– Each nation would like to generate its own energy, or at
least most of it, or at least as much as possible of it while
not having to pay too much for the rest and having a secure
source
223092009; FAPESP BIOEN
46% of Brazil’s energy comes
from renewable sources
3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Renewable
En
erg
y f
rom
Ren
ew
ab
le s
ou
rces, B
razil 2
006
Other
Cane
Wood
Hydro
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Non-Renewable Renewable
En
erg
y s
ou
rce
s in
Bra
zil,
20
06
cane
15%
Renewables in Brazil: 46%; World: 13%; OECD: 6%
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Ethanol costs x Gasoline
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Eth
an
ol
an
d G
aso
lin
e co
st
(in
20
04
US
$ p
er G
J)
Ethanol price paid to producers (2004 US$/GJ )
Rotterdam regular gasoline price (2004 US$/GJ)
Source: Goldemberg, 200523092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Increase in productivity
through R&D
5
40
50
60
70
80
90
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
(tc
/ha
or
lts/
tc)
lts de álcool/tc
tc/hectare
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
(li
ters
/hec
tare
)
Agricultural and Industrial product. Total productivity
+ 4% per year
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Sugarcane energy content
1 Ton of Cane = 1,2 Barrels of Oil
Sucrose → Ethanol
Bagasse → burnt for heat for the mill
and electricity sold to the grid (1/2
Itaipu)
Leaves and Stalks → burnt on the field
– Burning phasing out in SP until 2014/2017
6
Bagasse
Cellulose
Sucrose
Leaves
and Stalks
Cellulose
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Brazil: 1% of arable land displaces
30%+ of the gasoline
7
Source: UNICA
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN
São Paulo: Land Use Change,
1970-2006
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Forest
Agriculture
Pasture
Source: Boddey, R.M, “GHG Emission Mitigation Though Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil”, Circular Técnica Embrapa 27 (04/2009)
Sugarcane x Pasture:
fixation of 0,5 Mg C/ha.yr
Sugarcane for ethanol uses 0,5%
of total area
9
Area used for sugarcane for ethanol (3,4
MHa, 0,4%)
Area used for agriculture (76,7 MHa, 9%)
Rural properties area (355 MHa, 42%)
Total country area (851 MHa, 100%)
Source: Horta Nogueira e Seabra (2008)
Small bioenergy footprint
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN
1023092009; FAPESP BIOEN
615 GL of Ethanol will substitute
for 30% of the world’s gasoline
2004 2025
Gasoline consumption 1,200 GL 1,700 GL
Ethanol consumption 30 GL
Ethanol substituting 30% gasoline 615 GL
1123092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Área disponível no Brasil: 60 Mha (Zoneamento para Cana, Set 2009,
aptidão Alta e Média)
@ 10 kL/Ha (usando somente sacarose da cana) 600 GL por ano
@ 20kL/Ha (usando sacarose e celulose) 1.200 GL/ano
Novos desafios
Competição internacional
Mais base científica
– Genomica
– Bio processos
– Química e bioquímica
Disputa política e comercial que requer ciência
– Sustentabilidade
• Água, fertilizantes, balanço energético e de GEE
– LUC; iLUC
Debate internacional
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Solar Energy, v. 31, 1982
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GHG and Energy Balance:
evolving knowledge
1423092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Macedo IC, Seabra JEA, Silva JEAR. Green house gases emissions in the production
and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The.... Biomass and Bioenergy (2008),
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.12.006
Goldemberg J et al., “Energy Balance for Ethyl Alcohol Production
from Crops”, Science 2001 p. 903-906 (1978)
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN 15
FAPESP (The São Paulo Research
Foundation): SUCEST Program, 1999
Started 1999
Molecular Biology tools for
improving sugarcane
Science and Technology
of sugarcane
– Articles, thesis and patents
– Human resources
FAPESP: Sugarcane genomics
2000
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN16
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN17
Herbivory
Endophytes
ABA
MeJA
Phosphate
Drought
CO2
Lignin
Fiber
Sucrose
Biomass
Sugars
SUCEST-FUN Project
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN18
Maps and Markers
SUCEST: Gene Discovery and
Functional Genomics
1923092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Genes associated to traits of interest
In association with planters R&D center– Sugarcane Transcriptome Project (University of São
Paulo, USP)• Over 1,000 trait genes (sucrose, herbivory, drought, nutritional
responses) identified through genomics tools applied to the study of the Brazilian germplasm (Pat pending USPTO11/716,262)
– Sugarcane Molecular Marker Development Project (University of Campinas, UNICAMP)
• A functional map and markers associated to sucrose content developed for breeding populations
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN20
Ethanol fuel, biomass, sugarcane
Main sources of scientific articles
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
USA
Brazil
São Paulo State
Australia
India
Japan
China
Cuba
France
Mexico
Canada
Spain
South Africa
Scientific publications 2001 - 2005, ISI
Sugarcane research
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN21
Main Research Initiatives in Cane
and Ethanol in Brazil
CTC: private center to assist industry
Ridesa: public/private network for cane breeding
IAC: public center on agronomic research
Universities
INMETRO: Certification
CTBE: Bioethanol Research Center
EMBRAPA Agroenergy Center
Fapesp Initiatives on Bioenergy
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN 22
Desafios para a Pesquisa em
Bioenergia no Brasil Produtividade
– Produção de biomassa
– Processos
– Uso da celulose (eletricidade x comb. liquido)
– Uso de menos área
Sustentabilidade
– Emissões (LUC, ILUC, N)
– Uso de água
– Agricultura para Alimento E Energia
– Impactos ambientais
– Impactos sociais
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN23
Três frentes na FAPESP
Rota científica e tecnológica
– Projeto do Programa Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas
BIOEN
– Programa de Pesquisa; 5-10 anos
– Núcleo de pesquisa fundamental
– Conexões com pesquisa aplicada via empresas parceiras
Centro Estadual de Pesquisa
– Sediado nas três universidades
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN24
www.apta.sp.gov.br/cana
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www.apta.sp.gov.br/cana
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Temas Abordados
I - Photosyntesis
II – Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology
III – Energy Cane
IV – Social and Economic Sustainability
V –Agricultural Modelin
VI – Pests and Deseases
VII – Residues Application (stillage, filter cake)
VIII – Environmental Aspects
IX – Cane Industrial Quality
X – Cogeneration
XI – Biomass-to-Liquid – BTL
XII – Hydrolysis
XIII – Logistics (cane, stillage and ethanol)
XIV – Instrumentation and Automation
Workshops Topics
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN 27
FAPESP’s Research Program on
Bioenergy (BIOEN): 5 areas
1. Improvements in the feedstock: building a better cane plant
for energy - EnergyCane
2. Production of Ethanol and other products: hydrolysis,
pyrolisis, gasification, fermentation, distillation
3. New processes in alcohol-chemistry
4. Ethanol based engine and fuel cell developments
5. The Economics of Ethanol, Ethanol production and the
environment, Social impacts, the new agriculture of food and
energy
2823092009; FAPESP BIOEN
BIOEN Program Comittee
Gláucia Mendes de Souza
Marcos Buckeridge
Marie-Anne van Sluys
Anete Pereira de Souza
Rubens Maciel
Heitor Cantarella
André Nassar
2923092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Plus consultants during the
preparation phase:
• Luiz Cortez
• José Goldemberg
BIOEN FAPESP
3023092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Division Qtd ValuePlant 20 32.937.882,78Processos 23 18.607.503,37Biorefinery 3 1.139.996,57Sustentabilidade 7 1.789.021,46Motores 1 539.329,00Total 54 55.013.733,17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
6 10 13 18 21 26 31 50
Weeks after CO2
A (
µm
ol C
O2 m
-2 s
-1)
Ambiente
Elevado ******
***
*
(a)
Ambient
Elevated
Microarray analyses 5000
genes
Sugarcane in increased CO2
3123092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Buckeridge M. Et al. Plant Cell and Environment, vol.31, p. 1116 (2008)
ElevatedAmbient
Productivity
60% more Biomass
Syntenic regions: rice, sorghum,
two cane alleles
3223092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Rice
Sorghum
Cane Ssp_148
Cane Ssp_095
Blue, green and red are genes
Grey correspond to repetitive regions
M.Anne van Sluys et al., in preparation
Sucrose related genes
3323092009; FAPESP BIOEN
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Demonstration Plant for Acid
Hydrolisis: FAPESP - Dedini
Project started in 2002
Dedini-Fapesp proprietary process
Demonstration plant
– 5,000 liters per day
– Mixed with input for fermentation
Planta DHR
BIOEN Workshops
Bioenergy – Aug, 2009
Genome Sequencing – Aug, 2008
Cellulosic Ethanol – Sep, 2009
Photosynthesis – Feb, 2009
Sugarcane improvement – Mar, 2009
Soil Carbon – Jun, 2009
Processes – Sep, 20093523092009; FAPESP BIOEN
State of São Paulo Bioenergy R&D
– BIOEN Academic Basic and Applied Research
– Advancement of knowledge – US$ 24M (2008) + 2009,..
• Plus US$ 140 M (10 years) for a Statewide Research Center
– Young Investigator Awards – US$ 6 M (2008) + 2009..
• Open to foreign scientists who want to come to Brazil
Joint industry-university research (5 years)
3623092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Company Subject Value by industry
Oxiteno Lignocellulosic materials US$ 3,000,000
Braskem Alcohol-chemistry US$ 25,000,000
Dedini Processes US$ 50,000,000
Centro de Pesquisa em
Bioenergia
Proposta dsa FAPESP, USP, Unicamp e UNESP ao
Governo Estadual
Áreas de pesquisa do Programa BIOEN
Investimentos
– R$ 100 milhões do governo estadual
– R$ 100 milhões das universidades
– R$ 100 milhões da FAPESP
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN 37
Comitê de redação da proposta
Antonio Roque Dechen – Diretor, ESALQ/USP
Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez – FEAGRI/UNICAMP
Nelson Ramos Stradiotto – IQ/UNESP/Araraquara
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz – Diretor Científico,
FAPESP
3823092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Centro (USP, Unicamp, Unesp) de
Pesquisa em Bioenergia Um “Centro de Pesquisa em Bioenergia”, de classe internacional,
capaz de criar a base científica necessária para a competitividade paulista e brasileira em bioenergia.
C&T para primeira, segunda e terceira gerações, bem como sobre os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais da produção e uso de bioenergia
Soma-se a outras iniciativas existentes no país
Diferencia-se por buscar avanços baseados na criação de ciência avançada e associá-los à formação de pessoal qualificado
A base em ciência avançada visa preparar o país para a transição tecnológica mundialmente em curso na área de Bioenergia
3923092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Levantamento USP, Unicamp e
Unesp
4023092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Divisão Principal
Division USP Unicamp UNESP Total
Application on Automotive Motors 8 10 5 23
Bioenergy (Fuel, Heat, Electricity) Production 57 39 32 128
Biorefineries, Alcoholchemistry, Oil Chemistry 8 10 5 23
Production of Biomass for Bioenergy 55 14 22 91
Sustainability Aspects (Biofuels Economics, Social and Environmental Impact)
42 39 20 101
Total 170 112 84 366
Áreas com 10 ou mais
pesquisadores
4123092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Area USP Unicamp UNESP Total
Second Generation Technologies 26 13 13 52
Environmental Aspects 23 16 10 49
Agriculture 26 2 15 43
Agribusiness of Ethanol 12 18 6 36
First Generation Ethanol Production 12 16 5 33
Genetic Improvement 17 5 4 26
Basic Sciences II (Processes) 7 5 9 21
Products 6 10 3 19
Agricultural Engineering 7 4 2 13
Basic Sciences IV (Appl. Automotive Motors) 6 7 0 13
Co-Products 6 1 5 12
Social Aspects 5 4 1 10
Total 153 101 73 327
Áreas com menos de 10
pesquisadores
4223092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Area USP Unicamp UNESP Total
Basic Sciences I (Biomass production) 5 3 1 9Biomass Preparation 5 4 0 9Basic Sciences V (Impacts) 2 1 3 6Alcohol Engines 1 0 4 5Basic Sciences III (Alcohol Chemistry) 2 0 2 4Fuel Cells 0 3 0 3Fuel Quality 1 0 1 2Third Generation Technologies 1 0 0 1New Engines/Uses 0 0 0 0Use of Water 0 0 0 0Total 17 11 11 39
Motores
Áreas sem pesquisadores
4323092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Alcohol Engines Sensors ethanol-gasoline
Alcohol Engines Redesign of Internal Combustion Engines
Alcohol Engines Use of Ethanol in Motorcycle Engines
Basic Sciences Energy Conversion
Fuel Cells Direct use of Ethanol
New Engines/Uses Development of New Stationary Engines Using Solid Biofuels (e.g. Stirling Engine)
New Engines/Uses Development of New Systems for Ethanol Use: as LPG substitute
Produção de Bioenergia
Áreas sem pesquisadores
4423092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Basic Sciences Biocatalyzers
Basic Sciences Biofuels Quality
Basic Sciences Unified micro organisms for the extraction of sugar for fermentation
Biomass Preparation Baling, Briquetting, Pelletizing
Co-Products Production of Lisine
Co-Products Production of Furfural
Co-Products Production of RNA
First Generation Ethanol Production Development of New Industrial Arrangements for Ethanol-Energy Plants
First Generation Ethanol Production Fermentation Temperature Control
First Generation Ethanol Production Development of “in situ” Technologies for Stillage Disposal
First Generation Ethanol Production Development of “in situ” Tecnologies for Stillage Disposal (e.g. incineration)
First Generation Ethanol Production New Fermentation Routes (e.g. using bacteria)
Second Generation Technologies Gasification for Synthetic Biofuels (e.g.: Fischer-Tropsch)
Second Generation Technologies Biomass processing by Atmospheric-Pressure plasma
Second Generation Technologies Biomass processing by FT-NIR (near-infra red spectroscopy irradiation)
Second Generation Technologies Combustion of Cane Trash
Second Generation Technologies Other Hydrolysis Methos (e.g.: Supercritical Hydrolysis)
Use of Water Reduction of Water Use
Use of Water Zero Water Utilization in Ethanol Production
Biorefineries, Alcohol Chemistry
Áreas sem pesquisadores
4523092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Basic Sciences Systems biology and Synthetic Biology approaches
Basic Sciences Chemistry of CO2
Basic Sciences Photochemical catalysis for vegetable oils cracking
Biomass for Bioenergy
Áreas sem pesquisadores
4623092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Agricultural Engineering Cane Logistics (from field to the factory)Agricultural Engineering Development of Semi-Mechanized Harvesting MethodsAgricultural Engineering Filter Cake and Ash Distribution in Cane FieldsAgricultural Engineering Stillage Distribution in Sugarcane FieldsAgricultural Engineering Trash RecoveryAgriculture New FertilizersAgriculture Biological Fixation of Nitrogen Agriculture Development of Direct Planting Technology for Sugarcane Agriculture Machinery Operations under Wet conditionsGenetic Improvement Transgenic Sugarcane for Other CompoundsGenetic Improvement Eco-physiological Characterization of germplasmGenetic Improvement Plant Synthetic BiologyGenetic Improvement Polyploid Statistical GeneticsGenetic Improvement Creation of a Public Germoplasm Collection
Sustainability
Áreas sem pesquisadores
4723092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Agribusiness of Ethanol Logistics
Environmental Aspects Carbon Capture and Sequestration(CCS) Technologies
Global Sustainable Bioenergy:
Feasibility
Key Question:
– Is it physically possible for bioenergy to meet a substantial fraction of
future world mobility and/or electricity demand while our global society
also meets other important needs.?
Staged structure
– Meetings, assemble international team, scope project, get support
– Address key question posed above unconstrained by current realities
– Work back to the present considering policy, economic, transition, and
development issues
4823092009; FAPESP BIOEN
Representation Host Institutions, Location Meeting Chairs/Organizing Committee Members
Dates
European Union Kluyver Center for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Delft, The Netherlands
Andre Faaij, Utrecht University
Patricia Osseweijer, Delft University of Technology
February, 24-26, 2010
Africa University of Sellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Emile van Zyl, University of Stellenbosch
August Temu, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi
March,
17-19, 2010
South America University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
José Goldemberg, University of São Paulo
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, FAPESP, São Paulo
March,
22-24, 2010
North America University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, USA
John Foley, University of Minnesota May, 2010
Asia, Oceania TBD Reinhold Mann, Battelle Science and Technology, Malaysia
June 2010?
GSB Project: Stage 1 Meetings &
Organizing Committee
Steering Committee: Nathanael Greene, Natural Resources Defense Council
Lee Lynd (Chair), Dartmouth, Mascoma Corp
Tom Richard, Pensylvania State University
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN 49
23092009; FAPESP BIOEN50