Persistence of Segregation in the United States:A Century of Inequality
John R. LoganBrown University
New York City Before 1900
The Early Phase of the Great Migration
1920 Black Neighborhoods in New York
60%4%
75%362623
All black neighborhoods (>10%)
Central HarlemSan Juan Hill
African American Neighborhoods
Group Members % Black
Fort GreeneBedford
Non-black neighborhoods
71,00014,10010,6006,200
103,90048,600
Segregation in NYC, 1900-1990Blacks
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1900 1920 1940 1960 1990
Black
Italians: Getting By in New York
1920 Italian Neighborhoods in New York
11%
62%
Non-Italian neighborhoods
518,600
282,300
All Italian neighborhoods (>25%)
587261
75%685940
Fort GreeneBelmont
Greenwich VillageEast Harlem
Italian Neighborhoods
Group Members % Italian
Red Hook/GowanusGashouse District
Bensonhurst
114,20074,00061,80044,40028,10022,90022,500
Black and Italian Segregation in NYC
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1900 1920 1940 1960 1990
Black
Italian
The Jewish Lower East Side
1920 Russian Neighborhoods in New York
Non-Russian neighborhoods
192,500
All Russian neighborhoods (>25%)
89,200
705,200
160,300141,900118,000
9%
46
Group Members % Russian162,300
East Harlem
Lower East SideBrownsvilleMorrisania/LongwoodWilliamsburg
59
51%
48%694146
23%
Russian Neighborhoods
6056
63%
% Jewish65%74
Black, Italian, and Russian Segregation in NYC
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1900 1920 1940 1960 1990
Black
Italian
Russian
Animation
US NEIGHBORHOODS TODAY
Under $40,000
Over $75,000
PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, 2000
Disparities in the performance of schools that children attend, 2004-2005 test data
50%
50% 80%
Exposure to Poverty: White 4th Graders 2010
50%
50% 80%
Test Scores and Poverty: White 4th Graders 2010
Comparing schools attended by white/black 4th graders, 2010: poverty and test scores.
AffluentWhite Affluent
Black
Central City
Suburbs
$51,794
$42,623
$39,538
$31,493
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
Median income
Median neighborhood income, Chicago 1990,for comparable white and black residents
More affluent neighborhoods in the suburbs, but racial disparity in both locations
Homeowners, college grads, $60-$75,000 income
Affluent WhiteAffluent Black
Suburbs
Central City
1,076
1,767
168406
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
Violent crime
Crime is lower in the suburbs, but higher for blacks in either location
Violent crime in Cleveland, 1990,for comparable white and black residents
Homeowners, college grads, over $75,000 income
Invasion and succession model of racial change
Initial white exodus and black entry
Black population growth, reaching a tipping point
Racial succession: majority black
Predictors of change – the downward slide:
•Low income•Old housing•Aging population•Rental housing•Population flux
Post-1980: Paths to and from diversity
All-whiteWhite/Asian
White/Hispanic
White/Hispanic/and Asian
White/Hispanic/Asian/Black
MinorityCombinations:
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Persistence of old processes and patterns …
and some signs of a change.
More information:www.s4.brown.edu/us2010