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PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIACynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Flexible Budgets andPerformance AnalysisChapter 9
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Learning Objective 1
Prepare a flexible budget.
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Characteristics of Flexible Budgets
Planning budgetsare prepared fora single, plannedlevel of activity.
Performance evaluation is difficult when actual activity
differs from the planned level of
activity.
Hmm! Comparingstatic planning budgets
with actual costsis like comparing
apples and oranges.
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Improve performance evaluation.
May be prepared for any activity level in the relevant range.
Show costs that should have beenincurred at the actual level ofactivity, enabling “apples to apples”cost comparisons.
Help managers control costs.
Let’s look at Larry’s Lawn Service.
Characteristics of Flexible Budgets
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Larry’s Lawn Service provides lawn care in a planned community where all lawns are approximately the same size.At the end of May, Larry prepared his June budget based onmowing 500 lawns. Since all of the lawns are similar in size,Larry felt that the number of lawns mowed in a month wouldbe the best way to measure overall activity for his business.
Larry’s Budget
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
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Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Planning Budget
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Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results
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Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget
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Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget
F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual costs are less than budgeted costs.
U = Unfavorable variance that occurs when actual costs are greater than budgeted costs.
F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual revenue is greater than budgeted revenue.
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Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget
Since these variances are favorable, has Larry done a good job controlling costs?
Since these variances are unfavorable, has Larry done a poor job controlling costs?
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I don’t think Ican answer thequestions usinga static budget.
Actual activity is above planned activity.
So, shouldn’t the variablecosts be higher if actual
activity is higher?
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
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▪ The relevant question is . . .“How much of the cost variances are due to higher
activity and how much are due to cost control?”
▪ To answer the question,we mustthe budget to theactual level of activity.
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
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How a Flexible Budget Works
To a budget, we need to know that:▫ Total variable costs change
in direct proportion to changes in activity.
▫ Total fixed costs remainunchanged within therelevant range.
FixedVariable
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Let’s prepare a budget
for Larry’s Lawn Service.
How a Flexible Budget Works
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Preparing a Flexible BudgetLarry’s Flexible Budget
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Quick Check ✓ What should the total wages and salaries cost
be in a flexible budget for 600 lawns?a. $18,000.b. $20,000.c. $23,000.d. $25,000.
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Quick Check ✓ What should be the total wages and salaries
cost in a flexible budget for 600 lawns?a. $18,000b. $20,000.c. $23,000.d. $25,000.
Total wages and salaries cost
= $5,000 + ($30 per lawn × 600 lawns)
$5,000 + $18,000 = $23,000
What should the total wages and salaries cost be in a flexible budget for 600 lawns?a. $18,000.b. $20,000.c. $23,000.d. $25,000.
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Learning Objective 2
Prepare a report showing activity variances.
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Activity Variances
Planning budget revenues
and expenses
Flexible budget revenues
and expenses
The differences between the budget amounts are called activity variances.
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Let’s use budgetingconcepts to compute activity
variances for Larry’s Lawn Service.
Activity Variances
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Activity VariancesLarry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Planning Budget
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Activity VariancesLarry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Planning BudgetActivity and revenue increase by 10 percent, but net operating income increases by more than 10 percent due to the presence of fixed costs.
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Learning Objective 3
Prepare a report showing revenue and spending
variances.
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Revenue and Spending VariancesFlexible budget revenue Actual revenue
The difference is a revenue variance.
Flexible budget cost Actual cost
The difference is a spending variance.
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Now, let’s use budgetingconcepts to compute revenue and
spending variances for Larry’s Lawn Service.
Revenue and Spending Variances
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Revenue and Spending VariancesLarry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Actual Results
$1,750 favorablerevenue variance
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Larry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Actual Results
Revenue and Spending Variances
Spending variances
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Learning Objective 4
Prepare a performance report that combines activity variances and revenue and spending
variances.
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Now, let’s use budgetingconcepts to combine the revenue and spending variances reports for Larry’s
Lawn Service.
A Performance Report Combining Activity and Revenue and Spending Variances
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A Performance Report Combining Activity and Revenue and Spending Variances
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A Performance Report Combining Activity and Revenue and Spending Variances
50 lawns × $75 per lawn 50 lawns × $30 per lawn
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$43,000 actual - $41,250 budget
A Performance Report Combining Activity and Revenue and Spending Variances
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Performance Reports in Non-Profit Organizations
Non-profit organizations may receive funding from sources other than the sale of goods and services,
so revenues may consist of both fixed and variable elements.
Universities
Tuition and fees
DonationsState funding
Endowments
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Performance Reports in Cost Centers
Performance reports are often prepared for cost centers. These reports should be
prepared using the same principles discussed so far, except for the fact that these reports will not contain revenue or
net operating income variances.
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Learning Objective 5
Prepare a flexible budget with more than one cost
driver.
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More than one cost driver may be needed toadequately explain all of
the costs in an organization.
The cost formulas usedto prepare a flexible
budget can be adjustedto recognize multiple
cost drivers.
Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers
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Because of the large unfavorable wages and salaries spendingvariance, Larry decided to add an additional cost driver for
wages and salaries. The variance is due primarily to the number of hours required for the additional edging and trimming. So
Larry estimates the additional hours and builds those hours into both his revenue and expense budget formulas.
Larry’s New Budget
Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers
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Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers
Larry’s Budget Based on More than One Cost Driver
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Learning Objective 6
Understand common errors made in preparing
performance reports based on budgets and
actual results.
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Some Common Errors
The most common errors when preparing performancereports are to implicitly assume that:1. All costs are fixed, or that;
2. All costs are variable.
Assume all costs are fixed.
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Common Error 1: Assuming All Costs Are Fixed
Faulty Analysis Comparing Budgeted Amounts to Actual Amounts
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Common Error 2: Assuming All Costs Are VariableFaulty Analysis that Assumes All Budget Items Are Variable
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End of Chapter 9