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intensys H2NET September 2001
An Overview Of Fuel Cell Technology
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The Main Types Of Fuel Cell.
Alkaline (AFC)
Solid Polymer (SPFC, PEM or PEFC)
Direct Methanol (DMFC)
Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)
Molten Carbonate (MCFC)
Solid Oxide (SOFC)
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Large utility,
small APU,
residential
45 – 55%800 - 1000CeramicSOFC
Can use
unreformed fuel,slow start up &
response
Large utility50 – 60%650Molten Carbonate
Salt
MCFC
In use. Doubts
over cost
Medium
stationary
35 – 45%180 - 210H3PO4PAFC
First use by
NASA.
Required pure
reactants
Military,
aerospace,
automotive
40 - 50%80 - 120KOHAFC
Battery
replacement, portable
30 – 40%50 - 60Solid Polymer DMFC
Significant
investment, close
to market
Transport,
small/medium
stationary,
portable
35 – 50%70 - 80Solid Polymer PEM
CommentsUseEfficiencyApprox
Operating Temp(oC)
ElectrolyteType
Comparison Of Types
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Electrochemical Reactions
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AnodeCathodeElectrolyte
(ion conductor)
e-
SOFCH2
H2O
O2-O2 T = 900oC
PAFC
& SPFC
H2 H+
O2
H2O
T = 200oC (PAFC)
T = 80oC (SPFC)
Fuel in Oxidant in
Depleted oxidant& products out
Depleted fuel
& products
out
MCFCH2
CO2
O2
CO2CO3
2- T = 650oC
T = 80oCAFC
H2
H2O
O2OH-
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Current Density (mA/cm2)
C
e l l P o t e n t i a l ( V )
Fuel Cell Polarisation Curve
Regioncontrolled
by activation
polarisation
Region controlled by ohmic polarisation
Region controlled by
concentration polarisation
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Temperature (oC)
E f f i c i e n c y
Carnot Cycle
PEMFC System
PAFC System
MCFC System
SOFC+CCGT
Gas Turbine
Combined Cycle GT & Steam
Hydrogen Natural Gas
Efficiency Comparison
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Candidate Fuels
MilitaryDiesel
TransportGasoline
Stationary Natural Gas
Transport & PortableMethanol
Transport, Stationary & PortableHydrogen
ApplicationType
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Cumulative Emissions Reduction from the
use of FCVs for the period 2010-2030
(Assumes 24% penetration by 2030)
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
MeOH H2 MeOH H2 MeOH H2
NMOG NOx CO
M i l l i o n
M e t r i c T o n s
R e d u c t i o n
Cumulative Emissions Reduction from the
use of FCVs for the period 2010-2030
(Assumes 24% penetration by 2030)
22802285
229022952300230523102315
2320232523302335
MeOH H2
CO2
M i l l i o
n M e t r i c T o n s
R e d u c t i o n
F o r C O 2
Potential Emissions Reductions (US) Gained
From The Use Of FCVs (US DoE Figures)
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The Solid Polymer Fuel Cell System
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1989 – 100 Watts/Litre
1996 – 1000 Watts/Litre
2000 – 1400 Watts/Litre
September 2001 – GM announce 1750 Watts/Litre
Increases In Stack Power Density
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Building Blocks Of A Fuel Cell System
Fuel Cell Stack
Fuel Delivery
Air Delivery
Power Conditioning
Thermal Management Water Management
Control System
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Hydrogen Store
Power Conditioner
Fan or
Compressor
Elements Of A Hydrogen Fuelled System
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Autothermal System Arrangement
Separator
Separator
F u e l C e l
l S t a c k s
Water Reservoir
Fresh Water
Sea Water
Air
Cathode OffgasFuel
Reformate
Anode Offgas
Condensate
Exhaust
Electrical Output
Air Humidity,
Temperature
& Pressure.
Cooling System.
SELOX
Separator
Combuster
LTS
HTS
Autothermal Reactor
Pre-processor
Power
Conditioner
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Gasoline
Autothermal
Methanol Steam
Reforming
Hydrogen Gas 5000
psi
Fuel Consumption Rate (mpg) 60.06 37.31 75.3
Fuel Consumption Rate (litre/100 km) 4.64 7.48 121.2
Fuel Volume (litres) 28.8 46.27 175.3
Fuel Mass (kg) 21.1 36.6 5.05
Fuel Tank Volume (litres) 30.30 48.71 260
Total Mass With Tank (kg) 26.00 44.39 75.4
Fuel Storage Requirement
Medium Basic Car
380 Mile (612 km) Range
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Vehicle Fuelling Issues
No current
infrastructure
problems.
Security of supply.
Seen as transitional
fuel.
Best optionDifficult processing.
Emissions issues.
Lowest efficiency
Gasoline
No current
infrastructure.
Seen as transitional
fuel.
Reasonable.Easiest processing
option.
Methanol
Localised
infrastructure in near
term.Cost of mass
infrastructure.
Volume problems for
gas.
Weight problems for hydrides.
Simplest option.
Lowest cost.
Good Efficiency
Hydrogen
InfrastructureStorageSystemFuel
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Necar 4 (Liquid Hydrogen)
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Efficiency of Prime Movers
0
10
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percentage Maximum Rated Load
E f f i c i
e n c y ( % )
Constant Speed Diesel
Road Load Diesel
Fuel Cell System
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Res earch & Technology
1999 NECAR 4
1997 NEBUS
1996 NECAR II
1994 NECAR I
Hydrogen FC-Vehicles - DevelopmentProgress
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Research & Technology
Necar 4 Efficiency in NEDC
Target: 40-45 %Target: 40-45 %
37,7 %37,7 %
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Future Development Requirements
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Current Density (A/cm²)
C e
l l V o l t a g e
Cell Voltage (V) Today
Cell Voltage (V) Future
MEA Properties:
Today Future
Max. Temperature: 80 °C 90-110 °C
Pt-loading: < 1 mg/cm2