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M231- Outline
Dr.Huda M. Zahawi, FRC.Path.(Co-ordinator)
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Lecture Topics : Cell Injury Inflammation & Repair Neoplasia Hemodynamic Disorders,Thrombosis
& Shock
Book : Robbins Basic Pathology
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Labs : 2-3 Labs / topic Clinical cases for discussion Web Path Internet teaching used Not more than 1/3 of all sessions
absence Exams :
First , Second & Final Exams MCQ format Lab questions with pictures included in each exam Marks : 40 / 40/ 60 Make up is usually in short essay
format
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Introduction to Pathology
Dr.H.Zahawi,FRC.Path2010
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What is Pathology ?
Study of disease by scientific methods Individual’s reaction to injury & its effect on
body Effect recognized by structural &functional changes PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Result is either compensated ,
decompensated or causes death . Links basic science to clinical practice
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Branches of Pathology
Anatomic pathology : Study of tissues or cells - Postmortem Examination ( autopsy ) - Forensic Pathology - Surgically removed specimens - Cytology of smears, Fine Needle
Aspiration Clinical pathology : - Clinical chemistry - Hematology - Microbiology - Immunology - Genetics
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How Pathology is taught General pathology : studies mechanism & the
characteristics of principle types of disease processes e.g.
- cell injury - inflammation - neoplasia Systemic pathology : studies specific diseases in
specific organ systems. e.g. - lung abscess - breast cancer
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Steps in study of diseases
Epidemiological aspects Etiology: identifiable cause of disease - Intrinsic : genetic - Extrinsic : acquired - Idiopathic Pathogenesis : Sequence of events in the
response of cells& tissues to the etiological agent, from the initial stimulus to the final expression of disease. This response can be studied morphologically, biochemical, immunologically or at molecular level.
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Pathological & clinical features including biochemical tests, radiological findings
INTEGRATE ALL INFORMATION !!!!!
Complications & sequelae : Events taken during the disease
process that may impair full recovery
Treatment
Prognosis : A forecast as to the probable result of
an attack of disease and the prospect of recovery.
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To aid diagnosis , study morphology :
Samples for study include cells, biopsy or whole organ :
- Gross or macroscopic appearance - Histological or microscopic appearance - Electron microscopy or ultrastructure Genetic & molecular methods may aid
diagnosis
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Sample case A 60 year old woman with a lump in
the neck of 6 months duration. Patient has fever & raised BMR ( ESR) On examination she also had enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. Further investigations were within
normal
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Biopsy was taken i.e. tissue removed for microscopic
examination
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Follicular Lymphoma
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Genetic Studies : Translocation t18: 14
Diagnosis : Follicular Lymphoma
Treatment : Chemotherapy Prognosis : Good Therefore : PATHOLOGY AIDS IN DIAGNOSIS
& MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE PROCESSES
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Cellular Injury (year 2010 )
Dr. Huda M.Zahawi, FRC.Path.
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Topic Outline
Causes of cell injury Types of Injury Priciples & Mechanisms of cell injury Outcome : ?Reversible ? Irreversible Morphology Adaptation to Injury Patterns & types of Cell Death Process of Aging
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Cellular Injury & Adaptation Normal cell is in a steady dynamic
state “Homeostasis” :
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
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Cells are constantly exposed to stresses.
Normal physiologic stress Severe stresses: injury results, and
alters the normal steady state of the cell, consequently,
It can survive in a damaged state and adapt to the injury
(reversible injury or adaptation) It can die (irreversible injury or cell death).
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NORMALCELL
STRESS INJURY
AtrophyHypertophyHyperplasiaMetaplasia
Cellular swellingVacuolar change
Fatty change
Necrosis
Apoptosiss
IrreversibleIrreversibleinjuryinjury
ReversibleReversibleinjuryinjury
AdaptationAdaptation
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Causes of Cell Injury
Hypoxia and ischemia Free radicals Chemical agents Physical agents Infections Immunological reactions Genetic defects Nutritional defects Aging