Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4:Consciousness: Wide Awake, in a Daze,
or Dreaming?
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
• Consciousness
• Functions of sleep
• How much do we need
• Circadian rhythm– Weekend Lag– Jet Lag– Night Shift Work
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
The Four Stages of Non-REM Sleep
• Stage I– Light sleep
• Stage II– Clearly asleep
• Stage III– Transitional stage
• Stage IV– Deep sleep, body maintenance and
restoration
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
REM Sleep: Dream On
• After deep sleep, before REM, body cycles back through stages 3 and 2
• Active stage – brain waves look awake• Body paralysis
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
A Typical Night’s Sleep
• Stage I, II, III, IV, III, II of non-REM and then REM = one cycle
• Cycle repeats• Complete cycle takes about 90 minutes
– Less time spent in deep sleep and more in REM as night progresses
• About 20% of night spent in REM sleep• Dreaming
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Sleeping Disorders: Tossing and Turning – and More
• Sleep disorder = a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleep
• 95% of Americans suffer from a sleep disorder sometime during their life
• 25% to 40% of children and adolescents• Insomnia
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
How Can You Get the Sleep You Need?
• Establish a regular sleep-wake cycle• Avoid long naps• Only sleep in bed• Get up and do something after 15 minutes• Avoid sleeping pills, alcohol, cigarettes and
caffeine• Exercise during day
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Sleep, cont.
• Narcolepsy
• Cataplexy
• Sleep Apnea
• SIDS
• Sleepwalking
• Night Terrors
• Enuresis
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Gender Differences in Sleep
• Men report needing less sleep
• Men more likely to snore and have sleep apnea
• Women likely to get more sleep than men
• Women report more daytime sleepiness and difficulty falling asleep
• Women suffer more from insomnia
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Consciousness
• Hypnosis– Defined– Theories Explaining
• Psychoactive Drugs
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Drugs, cont.
• Tolerance
• Dependence
• Abuse
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
How Drugs Work: Biology, Expectations, and Culture
• Biologically, drugs interfere with normal nervous system function
• Psychological factors
• Culture – Social acceptance of drug use or non-use
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Depressants
• Alcohol– Slows neural functioning– Health Effects– Genes– Social costs
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Barbiturates and Sedatives
• Reduce anxiety or induce sleep• Sedatives prescribed for anxiety reduction• Similar effects to alcohol• Potentially lethal combined with alcohol• Rohypnol – rape drug• Physical withdrawal is severe
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Opiates (Narcotics): Morphine, Codeine, Opium, and Heroin
• Pain treatment• Create feeling of pleasure• Highly addictive• Severe physical withdrawal symptoms• High overdose risk
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Stimulants: Legal and Otherwise
• Interfere with brain functioning by speeding up normal brain activity
• Caffeine• Nicotine• Cocaine and crack• Amphetamines• MDMA (Ecstasy)
Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
Hallucinogens: Distorting Reality
• Interfere with brain functioning by exciting and inhibiting neural activity
• Contrasting effects often cause distorted perceptions (hallucinations)
• Types of hallucinogens– Marijuana– PCP– LSD