Download - Parts of Speech
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T O L E A R N M O R E A B O U T T H E PA RT S O F S P E E C H , C L I C K O N T H E B U T T O N S O N T H E N E X T PA G E .
PARTS OF SPEECH
http://pjgalien.wordpress.com
by Patricia Galien
INDEX
HOME
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Eight Basic Parts of Speech
Click on the buttons to learn more about the parts of speech. This page is
The
home.
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INDEX
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VerbsLinking VerbsThe Be VerbAction VerbsNonaction VerbsAction/Nonaction VerbsModals
NounsCount NounsNoncount NounsGerundsInfinitives as Nouns
PronounsSubject PronounsObject PronounsPossessive PronounsInterrogative Pronouns
Demonstrative PronounsIndefinite Pronouns
AdjectivesAdjectives Possessive AdjectivesNoun ModifiersInfinitives as Adjectives
AdverbsAdverbs of Manner
RegularIrregular
Frequency AdverbsInfinitives as Adverbs
Prepositions
ConjunctionsCoordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions
Interjections
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LINKING VERBS
be
become
look
seem
feel
sound
tastesmell
Adjectives can come after linking verbs.
http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~tkirsten/linus/VeryTired_big.jpg
The baby looks sleepy.
Verbs
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LINKING VERBS - THE BE VERBThe BE verb is one of the linking verbs.
Subject Pronouns
The Be Verb
Present Past
Iyou
he/she/itweyouthey
amareisareareare
waswerewaswerewerewere
Verbs
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ACTION VERBSAction verbs describe the activity of someone or something.
http://sandiegothetas.com/images/kiteflying.jpghttp://www.davidfoster.tv/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/running.jpg
They are flying a kite.
He is running in the park.He runs in the park every Saturday.
They fly kites every summer.
Verbs
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NONACTION VERBS
believe dislike need prefer
belong hear owe seem
cost know own taste
disagree love possess want
With nonaction verbs there is no activity.
Nonaction verbs do not take the continuous tenses.
Verbs
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NONACTION VERBSNEEDS AND WANTS
http://www.starling-fitness.com/wp-content/240384vBdA_w.jpg
I need a bigger lunch.
wantneed
prefer
http://cdn.blisstree.com/files/2008/05/dunkin-donuts-ice-coffee.JPG
When it is hot, I prefer iced coffee.
Nonaction Verbs
Verbs
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NONACTION VERBSTHE SENSES
http://mos.totalfilm.com/images/8/8-supporting-actors-who-stole-the-movie-00-430-75.jpg
He seems crazy. This tastes spicy.
http://positivepsychologynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/spicy-soup.jpg
heartastesmellsoundfeelsee
seem
VerbsNonaction
Verbs
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lovehatelike
dislike
NONACTION VERBSEMOTIONS
http://www.exotickingdom.net/images/20090403_tarantula.jpg
I dislike tarantulas.
http://res.images.picsquare.com/images/designs/924.jpg
I love my job.
VerbsNonaction
Verbs
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http://protest.bmgbiz.net/WeBelong.jpg
NONACTION VERBSPOSSESSION
“If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other.”
Mother Teresahttp://113dianap.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/hamster_eating_a_carrot.jpg?w=197&h=236
Fadhl owns a hamster.
VerbsNonaction
Verbs
haveown
belongpossess
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NONACTION VERBSTHOUGHTS
http://www.bennadel.com/resources/uploads/i_know_who_killed_me_scene.jpg
The woman knows there is a thief in the house.http://www.gamingmight.com/media/thumbs/cat-disagree.jpg
The cat disagrees with your theory.
agreedisagree
understandremember
believethinkknow
VerbsNonaction
Verbs
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NONACTION VERBSMEASUREMENTS
The lobster and steak dinner costs a lot.
http://i.ehow.co.uk/images/a07/j1/hb/do-owe-taxes-800x800.jpg
You owe $200 in taxes.
http://media.tulsafood.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/steak-lobster.jpg
costowe
VerbsNonaction
Verbs
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appear* have taste* sound*
consider look* see* think
feel* love smell* weigh
VERBS THAT ARE SOMETIMES ACTION AND SOMETIMES NONACTION
*These nonaction (sense perception) verbs are also linking verbs. In other words, they can come before adjectives.
Verbs
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http://weblogs.dailypress.com/entertainment/music/pop/blog/elton-john.jpg
Elton John is appearing on stage tonight.
http://www.aishamusic.com/Judiciary_Report/images/Selena-Gomez-3-18-11-1.jpg
Selena Gomez appears upset.
VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - APPEAR
VerbsAction/Nonaction
Verbs
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Sarah Palin was considering a run for president.
VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - CONSIDER
http://sf.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05_14/biz_commuter.jpg
I consider biking a good way to get to work.http://
www.heatherrobinson.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/sarah-palin-waving.jpg
VerbsAction/Nonaction
Verbs
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VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - LOOK
The business man is looking out the window.
The flowers look beautiful.
http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/2x4132310/businessman_looking_out_airplane_window_42-20171208.jpg
http://i.ehow.com/images/a07/lc/q8/flowers-look-good-next-hosta-1.1-800X800.jpg
VerbsAction/Nonaction
Verbs
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It is spring, and the trees have leaves.
He is having lunch in the cafeteria.
http://www.wallcoo.net/nature/tree_photography/s/wallcoo.com_photography_FF117s_300x300.jpg
http://blog.timesunion.com/parenting/files/2009/02/pk_cafeteria_lunch_4_6830964.jpg
VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - HAVE
Action/Nonaction Verbs
Verbs
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VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - WEIGH
The doctor is weighing the baby.
http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/et/t2/much-should-weigh-800x800.jpg
http://hilton-imports.com/pics/medical_%20equipments/Baby%20Weighing%20Scale.jpg
Juan weighs more than he did last year.
Action/Nonaction Verbs
Verbs
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4. The apples ______________ one and a half pounds.
PRACTICE
5. Hyacinths ______________ wonderful.
1. Yeva ______________ a cute dog.has
2. I ______________ at ties.am looking
3. Prince ______________ soup for lunch.is having
weigh
smell
Complete the sentences. Remember that nonaction verbs do not take the continuous tenses.
http://images.sodahead.com/polls/001744075/859719304_j0403680_xlarge.jpeg
have
http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/tupungato/tupungato1104/tupungato110400118/9307721-shopping-for-elegant-dressing-accessories-colorful-ties-at-a-shop-in-italy-formal-wear-selection-in-.jpg
look
http://www.bestweekever.tv/bwe/images/2008/11/PRINCE%20EATING%20SOUP.jpg
have
http://www.burrellesluce.com/freshideas/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/iStock_WeighApplesLarge-200x300.jpg
weigh
http://www.flower-arrangement-advisor.com/images/hyacinth.jpg
smell
VerbsAction/Nonaction
Verbs
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Modal
Ability
Permission
Requests
Offers
Future
AdviceOpinio
n
Necessity
Possibility
Probability
can P P
could P Pmay P P Pmight
P P P
must P Pwill P Pwould
P P
shall P Pshould
P P P
MODALSModals don’t have -s, -ed, or -ing endings. Modals are always followed by the base forms of verbs.
Verbs
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CAN AND COULDFOR ABILITY
Shoji can make pottery. (present)
http://www.kidsbalancebikes.com/boy_on_mini_glider.jpg
Brad could ride a bike when he was four. (past)
Verbshttp://blog.timesjobs.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/pottery3.jpg
Modals
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CAN AND COULDFOR PERMISSION / REQUESTS
Could I have another bite of your sandwich?
http://www.utrechtart.com/images/products/brandpages/eraser2_lg.jpg
Can I borrow your eraser?
http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/6158010/2/istockphoto_6158010-sandwich-bite-missing.jpg
VerbsModals
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WOULDFOR REQUESTS
Would you help me with this paperwork?
http://cdn.sheknows.com/articles/teacher-with-student.jpg
Would you help me with my report?
http://dorrys.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/too-much-work.jpg VerbsModals
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WOULDFOR OFFERS
Would you like some green tea?
http://media.makeadare.com/img/57fac2944/image_1994e83516.jpg
Would you like a taste?
http://img.timeinc.net/time/daily/2008/0807/green_tea_0702.jpg VerbsModals
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WILLFOR REQUESTS
Will you take out the trash please?
http://a.236.com/images/photo2/7638/original/original_opt.jpg
Will you open the door for me?
http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/1516/3601garbage.jpg
VerbsModals
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WILLFOR THE FUTURE
If the groundhog sees its shadow on Groundhog Day, we will have six more weeks of winter.
http://www.reallyfunnystuff.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/imagespuppy-20with-20cellphone.jpg
I am really sleepy right now. I will call you later.
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/family-vacations-groundhog-day.jpg
VerbsModals
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MAYFOR PERMISSION / REQUESTS
May I open it?
http://ihasahotdog.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/129151791906335349.jpg
May I keep this puppy?
http://www.specialk.com/_res/i/promos/offers-promotions-promo.jpg VerbsModals
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MAYFOR FUTURE POSSIBILITY
It may be cold tomorrow.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OA8u_A2J8x8/TcsfiZmhHEI/AAAAAAAAA9M/Dhz9XirQk2w/s400/Australia+most+dangerous+animals.jpg
Don’t get any closer or you may get hurt.
http://www.thedeutschgirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/weather-map-300x205.jpg VerbsModals
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SHOULDFOR ADVICE
You should look both ways before you cross the street.
http://img.ezinemark.com/imagemanager2/files/30003693/2011/03/2011-03-07-09-30-27-3-you-should-eat-berries-twice-per-week.jpeg
You should eat berries twice a week.
http://www.blogcdn.com/www.gadling.com/media/2008/08/crossing-the-street-2129467541_85bece83e3.jpg
VerbsModals
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SHOULD (HAVE)
The train should have been here ten minutes ago.
http://customerlensconsulting.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/j0431794.jpg
I should have bought a smaller pair of shoes.
http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/2x4070120/business_woman_waiting_at_a_train_station_81a-00000871-001.jpg
VerbsModals
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SHALLFOR OFFERS AND FUTURE
Where shall I start tomorrow? (Future)
http://thecia.com.au/reviews/s/images/shall-we-dance-2.jpg
Shall we dance? (Offers)
http://ih3.redbubble.net/work.6511797.1.flat,550x550,075,f.oh-where-shall-i-start-tomorrow.jpg
VerbsModals
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MIGHTFOR FUTURE PROBABILITY
If I am lucky, I might win this card game.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ZVMt3Vp1iQA/TUnTd4wD2zI/AAAAAAAABbg/wzSsINyQfj0/s1600/web01.jpg
I might be a little late for work.
http://appliedmath30.pbworks.com/f/1264862893/chp_ace_cards.jpg
VerbsModals
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MIGHTFOR ADVICE
You might want to take some extra water.
http://health.usnews.com/dbimages/master/16674/SS_PR_100513diabetes_facts.jpg
You might try eating less sugar.
http://fc04.deviantart.net/fs44/f/2009/147/1/0/Into_the_Desert_by_cooley.jpg
VerbsModals
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MUSTFOR NECESSITY
I must rest for a minute.
http://andreasblom.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/stop-sign.jpg
You must stop at a stop sign.
http://www.wunderground.com/data/wximagenew/c/Cokemah/12.jpg
VerbsModals
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MUSTFOR PROBABILITY
Did you cross five time zones? You must be exhausted.
http://images.travelpod.com/users/hillmanfamily/1.1280178056.my-birthday-cake.jpg
Oh! It must be your birthday.
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Travel/Pix/pictures/2008/12/01/Jetlag24.jpg
VerbsModals
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NOUNS
A noun is
a place,
a thing,
or an idea.
a person,
http://lh4.ggpht.com/_vB03mc19_RA/Sy4XtPCR6lI/AAAAAAAAC98/L-I8j9dH97Y/Fotolia_1966632_L.jpg
http://discounthotels.com/travel-blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/chicago.jpg
http://homepage.mac.com/stott/ebay/studio/241/stott-apple-book.jpghttp://theselvedgeyard.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/eames-chair-herman-miller.jpg
http://www.pastryshoescollection.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/idea.jpg Nouns
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COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
There are two kinds of nouns in English.
Count nouns
Noncount nouns
are nouns that you can count.
are nouns that you cannot count.
http://thecuriousclan.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/egg-chair.jpg
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=chair&view=detail&id=E2C267C891F2E7DEEBF79E328AFBAE4D42D3C726&first=1&FORM=IDFRIR
one chair two chairs
http://newsletter.herrerainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/_small_water_drops1.jpg
water money
http://thingsilearnedinmy20s.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/money.jpg
Nouns
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COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
For nouns that end with a consonant, add s.one pig two pigs
http://images1.fanpop.com/images/image_uploads/Two-little-Piggies-pigs-1078267_1920_1440.jpg
http://badanimalpuns.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/cute-pig.jpg
Nouns
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For most nouns that end with a vowel, add s.one bee two bees
http://www.bee-pollen-supplement-guide.com/bee_pollen_FULL.jpg
http://dianepernet.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/09/18/bees.jpg
(Nouns that end in o are exceptions. See the next two slides.)
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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For most nouns that end in o, add s.
one piano two
http://www.pianosforkids.com/images/homepage_pianos.jpghttp://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/404/773piano.jpg
(See the next slide for exceptions.)
pianos
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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For some nouns that end in o, add es. If you are not sure, check a dictionary.
one potato a lot of potatoes
http://goutsucks.zoomshare.com/files/potatoes.jpghttp://transitionculture.org/wp-content/uploads/potato.jpg
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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For nouns that end in a consonant and y, the y becomes ies.
one first lady fivefirst ladies
http://www.bravecreatures.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/5FirstLadies.jpg
http://www.firstladies.org/images/michelle-obama.jpg
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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For nouns that end with a vowel and y, add s.one monkey two monkeys
http://blog.mypets.ws/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/monkey-twins.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CKCnQB5P3ug/SwwEBJXF4yI/AAAAAAAABec/ACIw3-D4920/s1600/baby-monkey.1280.jpg
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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For nouns that end in fe, change the fe to v and add s.
one knife three knives
http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2009/swissarmykni.jpg
http://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/2008/06/gallery_swiss_army_knife/swiss.jpg
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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For nouns that end in sh, ch, x, s, z, add es.
one dress three dresses
http://www.africafreemarket.com/webadmin/admin_images/1257920029_dresses.jpg
http://www.crunchwear.com/images/cats/high-tech-dress.jpg
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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Some plural forms are the same as the singular form.
one sheep two
http://static.guim.co.uk/Guardian/environment/gallery/2008/nov/05/lakedistrict/[email protected]
http://www.freefoto.com/images/01/16/01_16_13---Sheep_web.jpg?&k=Sheep
sheep
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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Some words have no singular form.
scissorsglasses
http://www.killahbeez.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/glasses_h.jpghttp://www.declutteryou.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/scissors_view2.jpg
http://www.highsnobiety.com/uploads/pics/visvim-mess-shorts-2_01.jpg
shorts
To count these nouns, you need to use a pair of, two pairs of, etc.
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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Some nouns have an irregular plural.
mouse tooth
mice
teeth
http://blog.clarkpest.com/Portals/31616/images/trapping-mice0.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Spiny_Mice.jpg
http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/7639/10277molar_tooth.jpg
http://stemcellumbilicalcordblood.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/teeth-stem-cells.jpg
http://www.netguruonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Foot.jpg
http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/3983/5341foot.jpg.jpg
foot
feet
COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?
Nouns
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PRACTICE Write the plural noun.
1.
toys babies kangaroos
foxesmen
2. 3.
4.
http://www.recycle.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/toys.jpgdict/photofiles/list/3983/5341foot.jpg.jpghttp://afizaazmee.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/babies.jpg
http://www.anthonyswebsite.com/Grade3/two_kangaroos.jpg
5. 6.
http://rohanmanoharlovetobe.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/jeans.jpg
http://www.brockport.edu/career/dress/images/MenOutfits.jpghttp://www.fredmiranda.com/hosting-data/500/6288foxes.jpg
jeans
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSThere are a lot of different kinds of noncount nouns. To see more examples, click on the categories.
Types of Noncount Nouns
Examples
No Distinct Parts milk coffee water
Parts That Are Small rice sugar grass
Categories mail furniture money
Abstractions love advice education
Sports/Recreation soccer chess baseball
Fields of Study grammar music law
Medical Conditions arthritis cancer fluNote – Noncount nouns take singular verbs. Grammar is useful.
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSNoncount Nouns with No Distinct Parts
air beer bread butter
cholesterol coffee glue meat
milk oil paper poultry
pork smoke soup steam
tea water wine yogurt
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSParts That Are Too Small To Count
corn fog grass hair
popcorn rain rice salt
sand snow sugar
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSNouns That Are Categories
candy clothing food fruit
furniture homework mail makeup
money
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSNouns That Are Abstractions
advice happiness knowledge time
art health love truth
beauty help luck work
education information music
fun intelligence patience
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSNouns That Are Sports and Recreational Activities
badminton bowling soccer tennis
baseball chess swimming volleyball
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSFields of Study / Professional Fields
biology engineering history music
Chinese economics law photography
English grammar mathematics
politics
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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NONCOUNT NOUNSMedical Conditions
arthritis cancer flu
Nouns Noncount
Nouns
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http://cdn.ubergizmo.com/photos/2010/9/ipod-nano-watch.jpg
http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/196709/2/istockphoto_196709-clock-on-wall-01a.jpg
SOMETIMES A COUNT NOUN AND SOMETIMES A NONCOUNT NOUN
How many times do you look at your watch every day?
Do you have any time today?
Time
Nouns
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INFINITIVES AS NOUNSAn infinitive can be the subject of a sentence or the subject of a clause.
http://www.traciehotchner.com/dt/images/25WaysImages/image021.jpg
To err* is human. *to make a mistake
http://xoxodesigns.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/apolo-ohno_90617093.jpg
To skate in the Olympics was his dream.
Nouns Infinitives As
Nouns
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INFINITIVES AS NOUNSAn infinitive can be a direct object.
http://www.pizzahazel.com/img/tomato_pizza.jpg
She hopes to graduate in two years.
http://www.futurestudentusa.com/Images/istock_muslim%20student.jpg
We want to order pizza tonight.
Nouns Infinitives As
Nouns
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INFINITIVES AS NOUNSAn infinitive can come after an object.
http://www.maxxnailsandspa.com/resources/j0406790.jpg
The facial massage helped her to relax.
http://alliedow.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/valentines-day-chocolates.jpg
I expected them to give me chocolates.
Nouns Infinitives As
Nouns
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http://www.sheddaquarium.org/images/articles/Shedd-Aquarium-Beluga-Whale.jpg
I enjoyed learning about the beluga whales at the aquarium.
http://turningdownthesuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/monkey_smoking_1a.jpg
Smoking is not smart.
Nouns
GERUNDSA gerund is a noun that is the base form of a verb plus – ing.
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SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
1st Person I we
2nd Person you you
3rd Person he /she / it they
Note -- the subject pronoun “I” is always capitalized.
A subject pronoun can take the place of a noun.My sister lives in Chicago. She likes big cities.subje
ct subject pronoun
Pronouns
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OBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
me
you
him
her
it
us
themPronouns
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3. It’s best to cut the pieces small.
2. Serve the curry with some rice.
1. Fry the onions.
PRACTICE
Fry them.
object
Identify the objects in the sentences and replace them with pronouns.
objectpronoun
object
Serve it with some rice. object
pronoun
object
It’s best to cutthem small.object
pronoun
Pronouns
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Subject Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
mine
yours
his
hers
X
ours
theirsPronouns
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PRACTICE Complete the sentences with the correct possessive pronoun.
1. My family lives in Chicago. Where does _________ live? 2. I have brown hair. My sister’s hair is blonde. My
eyes are brown. __________ are blue.
3. Our boss has a lot of free time. His workload is small. _______ is huge.
yours
Hers
4. That car belongs to Ahmad and Sana. It’s __________.
Ours
5.Where does your mother work? ________ works at the hospital.
Mine
theirs
(your family)
(my sister’s eyes)
(our workload)
(their car)
(my mother)
Pronouns
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Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask a question.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
what which who whom whose
Pronouns
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points to and specifies a noun or a pronoun.
this thatthese those
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Singular Plural Both
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Pronouns
another anyoneanything each eithereveryoneeverythinglittlenothing oneothersomeonesomething
bothfewmanyothersseveral
allanymoremostnonesome
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Adjectives describe (modify) nouns.
http://www.greenfrogadventures.com/images/Fauna/Green-Tree-Frog.jpg
He is holding a small frog.
http://www.cute-wallpaper.com/backgrounds/baby/asian_baby.jpg
She is a cute baby.
Use adjectives before nouns.
Adjectives
ADJECTIVES
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ADJECTIVESAdjectives come after linking verbs.
http://www.mota.ru/upload/wallpapers/source/food_042.jpg
http://orangedragonflyblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Red_White_Tulips.jpg
be
become
look
sound
taste
smell
seem
feel
The tulips are beautiful.
The cake tastes delicious.http://musicpsychology.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/music-listening.jpg
The music sounds lovely.
Adjectives
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ADJECTIVES
http://www.gemmacocker.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/I-am-one-very-bored-baby.jpg
The baby is bored.
interesting
forgivingboring
Some adjectives end in –ing, -ly, or –ed.
friendlylovely
marriedfinishedlocated
Adjectives
-ing -ly
-edexcitedcrowdedworriedtired
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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Subject Pronouns
Adjective Pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
my
your
his
her
its
our
theirAdjectives
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PRACTICE Complete the sentences with the correct possessive adjective.
1. Ahmad and Saori’s children go to Roosevelt High School because _________ house is in Palos Hills.
2. Ewa’s essay was very interesting . __________ conclusion was very hopeful.
3. We have a group project in speech class. _______ topic is sleep deprivation.
their
Her
4. That dog is so cute! __________ ears are huge.
Our
5.________ hometown is Chicago.My
Its
Adjectives
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NOUN MODIFIERSA noun is sometimes used to describe another noun.
They are at the movie theater.
shopcoffeebookdonut
nounmodifier
http://www.ftape.com/media/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/media-pic.jpghttp://www.thelittleitalianshop.co.uk/wmslib/angie/coffee.jpg
Tetyana will have a birthday party on Friday.
Adjectives
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NOUN MODIFIERSNoun modifiers are never plural.
The White House has a roses garden.
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/10/09/obamanobel460x276.jpg
The White House has a rose garden.
A noun modifier is never plural.
Adjectives
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NOUN MODIFIERSDon’t confuse noun modifiers and ‘s possessives.The restaurant’s owner was very busy.
The sun reflected in the car’s window.
http://www.newsgroper.com/files/post_images/Car%20Window.JPG
The restaurant owner was very busy.
The sun reflected in the car window.
http://www.bryansrestaurantservice.com/images/restaurant-owner-equipment.jpg
Noun Modifiers
The owner of the restaurant was very busy.
noun modifier This is also correct.
noun modifier
The sun reflected in the window of the car.
This is also correct.
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INFINITIVES AS ADJECTIVES
Adjectiveshttp://cdn.thefrisky.com/images/uploads/junk_food_c.jpg
He lacks the will power to resist.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iq2vQY1Jeaw/TQe50kKvteI/AAAAAAAAW-s/SvbmR2RHcXM/s1600/neil_armstrong.jpg
Neal Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.
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http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/anatols/anatols0806/anatols080600023/3217401-suitcase-full-with-summer-clothes-ready-for-the-summer-holidays.jpg
There must be a way to fit everything in my suitcase.http://img2.timeinc.net/toh/i/step-by-
step/09/07-build-buy/00-picnic-bench-x.jpg
The best time to start the picnic is 1:00.
Adjectives
INFINITIVES AS ADJECTIVES
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ADVERBS OF MANNER
An adverb (of manner) describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
http://dev.wavemaker.com/forums/files/fast.gif
http://www.dogsilencerpro.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Stop-Barking-Dog.jpg
http://i125.photobucket.com/albums/p79/jbuk1975/sign.jpg
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Sports/images-2/car-accident.jpg
http://telecommerce.nl/uploadedImages/Telecommerce/Nieuwslog/Telecommerce_-_Nieuwslog/dance.jpg
The dog is barking loudly.
He runs fast every morning.
Please drive slowly.
The car is badly damaged.
They dance beautifully.
AdverbsAdverbs of
Manner
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Adjectives Adverbs
loudslowhopelesscarelesscarefulquick
loudlyslowlyhopelesslycarelesslycarefully (2 l’s)quickly
An adverbs is usually formed by adding –ly to an adjective.
ADVERBSREGULAR ADVERBS
AdverbsAdverbs of
Manner
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ADVERBSIRREGULAR ADVERBS
Adjectives Adverbs
hard (solid)
fastgoodlateearly
hard (with effort)hardly (not enough)fastwelllateearly
AdverbsAdverbs of
Manner
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PRACTICE Use adverbs to fill in the blanks.
1. I couldn’t hear him because he spoke too _________.
2. Nael studied very __________ for the test.
3. Julia got a speeding ticket because she drove too _______.
quietlysoftly
hard
4. My brother is a good cook. He cooks very __________.
fast
5.I have to start work at 7:00 am, so I get up ________ every morning.
early
well
Adverbs
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FREQUENCY ADVERBS
always 100%
Adverbs
almost always
frequently
usually / often
rarely / seldomsometimes
never 0%
occasionallyfrom time to time
almost never
Note – Put the frequency adverb after the Be verb and before other verbs.
Freq. Adverbs
![Page 94: Parts of Speech](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022013101/568143a7550346895db02d7c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
I will talk to you again.
I will love you.never always
http://1x.com/photos/humour/15214/
FREQUENCY ADVERBSYou can put a frequency adverb between will and the main verb.
http://www.newzonfire.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/14.jpg Adverbs
Freq. Adverbs
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http://www.accesshollywood.com/content/images/134/originals/134540_donald-trump-i-am-considering-running-for-president-in-2012.jpg
Donald Trump declined to run for president.
http://www.csmonitor.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/0319-fargo-sand-bags-flood.jpg/7600035-1-eng-US/0319-fargo-sand-bags-flood.jpg_full_600.jpg
The people put up sand bags to stop the flood water.
Adverbs
INFINITIVES AS ADVERBSAn infinitive can act as an adverb.
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PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of Direction
against round
along to
down through
into toward
off towards
on up
onto upon
out versus
out of via
over
Prepositions
Prepositions of Orientation
aboard at far from on top of
above behind following
opposite
across below in outside
across from
beneath
in front of
past
against beside in back of
under
among between
inside underneath
amid by near with
anti beyond on within
around close to on top without
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PREPOSITIONS
Others
about excepting
plus
as excluding
regarding
besides for save
but from than
concerning
like unlike
considering
minus
despite of
except per
Prepositions of Time
after in
ago since
at to
before under
by until
during within
following
for
from…to/until
Prepositions
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and so for
but yet
or nor
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions
An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is to use the acronym FANBOYS.
Do not use comma(s) when there are• two single words• two phrases
Use commas between• independent clauses• lists of three or more words or phrases
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSAND
The lion is strong and gentle.
http://i371.photobucket.com/albums/oo160/mushroom_lover_101/lion-and-the-lamb.jpg
The lion is smart, strong, and gentle.
The lion is strong, and the lamb is sweet.
ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSBUT
The climber is tired, but he is happy.
http://img3.ranker.com/list_img/2940/284042/full/mountain-climbing-accidents-deaths-on-k3-person.jpg?version=1274985765000
The climber is tired but happy.
ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSOR
When I feel stressed, I like reading or taking a bath.
http://www.thedogtrainingsecret.com/walking-the-dog.jpg
On Saturday afternoon I like walking my dog, meeting a friend for coffee, or going to a movie.
ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSO
I had a headache, so I took some aspirin.
http://www.worldbulletin.net/resim/250x190/2011/05/26/aspirin1-7048.jpg
Note – Sometimes so is not a coordinating conjunction. I am so tired. (very) So, do you want to go to a movie? (well)
ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSYET
http://showlowgolf.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/lightningGolf.jpg
Note - Sometimes yet is an adverb. (He is not sleeping yet.) Sometimes yet is a little stronger than but. It is also more formal. You can use the phrase and yet, but you cannot use the phrase and but.
The golfers were frightened by the lightening, yet they continued to play.
ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSNOR
Carrie Nation was not a gambler nor a drinker.
http://www.kshs.org/portraits/graphics/nation_carry.jpg ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
Carrie Nation was not a gambler, nor was she a drinker.
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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSFOR
http://blog.su-spectator.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/217521011_f92b51517f.jpg ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.
I went to the supermarket, for I needed milk.
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Time Cause and Effect
Condition Contrast
when because if although
before since only if though
after now that even if even though
once so that in case whereas
until in order that unless while
while
whenever
Conjunctions
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHEN
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Happy_Stella.jpg
dependent clauseindependent
clause
independent clause
dependent clause
When my dog is happy, she smiles.
comma
comma
My dog smiles when she is happy.
no comma
no comma
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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I checked my oil before I drove my car to Michigan.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSBEFORE
http://www.motorward.com/wp-content/images/2009/10/Check-Car-Oil-Level.jpg
dependent clauseindependent
clause
independent clause dependent clause
Before I drove my car to Michigan, I checked my oil.
comma
comma
no comma
no comma
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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Yoshiko is going to look for a job after she graduates.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSAFTER
http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/12/1230_numbers/image/intro.jpg
dependent clauseindependent
clause
independent clause dependent clause
After Yoshiko graduates, she is going to look for a job.
comma
comma
no comma
no comma
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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My writing improved once I learned how to punctuate sentences with coordinating conjunctions.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSONCE
Once I learned how to punctuate sentences with coordinating conjunctions, my writing improved.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_keujpdJjG88/TEmdoibL9_I/AAAAAAAAAC4/9O5Pmly_b3g/s1600/fanboyscoordinatingconjunctions.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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I studied until my mother came home.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSUNTIL
http://tulane.edu/cps/Upward_Bound/images/Troy-Studying-Geometry_3_1.jpg
preposition
independent clause
dependent clause
I studied until 11:00.
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
Note – Sometimes unless is a preposition.
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Rosa always watches T.V. while she eats breakfast.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHILE (FOR TIME)
http://weightlosswars.com/uploads/blog_post/image/201/eating_while_watching_tv.jpg
dependent clauseindependent
clause
independent clause dependent clause
While Rosa eats breakfast, she always watches T.V.
comma
comma
no comma
no comma
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHENEVER
Alicia sneezes whenever she smells flowers.http://
www.allergydruginfo.com/images/allergy-medication.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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I am tired today because I didn’t sleep well last night.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSBECAUSE
Because I didn’t sleep well last night, I am tired today.
http://www.ineedmotivation.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/tired.jpg
dependent clause
independent clause
no comma
no comma
comma
comma
independent clausedependent
clause
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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Roberto became a nurse since he enjoys helping other people.
dependent clause
independent clause
Since Roberto enjoys helping other people, he became a nurse.
dependent clause
commacomma
http://www.craigcalman.com/images/MaleNurseRiversring.jpg
independent clause
no comma
no comma
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSINCE
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSNOW THAT
Now that you are wearing your hat and scarf, you will not be cold.
You will not be cold now that you are wearing your hat and scarf.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Well-clothed_baby.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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Sometimes so that is used for cause and effect, and other times it is used for explanation. In this case, so that is not a subordinating conjunction.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSO THAT
I took a keyboarding class so that I could write my papers for college more quickly.
Oh, so that’s how you learned to type so quickly.
http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4784277/Step4_Full.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSIN ORDER THAT
He got a passport in order that he could leave the country.
In order that he could leave the country, he got a passport.
http://www.a1shipping.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/passport.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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If Takeshi studies hard, he will do well in school.
Takeshi will do well in school if he studies hard.
no comma
no comma
comma
comma
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_student.jpg
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSIF
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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You will get a bicycle only if you pass your math test.
http://topdesign72.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/best-collections-of-stunning-bicycle-pictures.jpg
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSONLY IF
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
Only if you pass your math test, will you get a new bicycle.
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I love you even if you don’t love me.
http://beautifulcoolwallpapers.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/8848-heart-love-wallpapers.jpg
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSEVEN IF
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
Even if you don’t love me, I love you.
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Take your umbrella in case it rains.
http://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/139040/folding__umbrella__children_umbrella__golf__umbr.jpg
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSIN CASE
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
In case it rains, take your umbrella.
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Unless you remember your umbrella, you will get wet.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSUNLESS
http://nerdnirvana.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/forgot-umbrella.jpg ConjunctionsSubord. Conj.
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSALTHOUGH
Although the window is small, it lets in a lot of light.
http://www.worldarchitectnews.com/wp-content/uploads/Window-Although-Not-Too-Large-Can-Absorb-Sunlight-into-the-Interior-Bathroom.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
Note – Although and though have similar meanings, but there are two differences. First , although should be in the first clause; though can appear in either clause. Second, although is found in clauses ; though can be used with clauses or items.
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSTHOUGH
Though I hate cooking, I love to eat.
http://www.withamymac.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/bad-cook.jpg
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
Note – Although and though have similar meanings, but there are two differences. First , although should be in the first clause; though can appear in either clause. Second, although is found in clauses ; though can be used with clauses or items.
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Even though the weather in Chicago is sometimes harsh, it is still a great place to live.
http://assets.kickrunners.com/f/f8/f8776b67_CHICAGO-popup.jpg
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSEVEN THOUGH
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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Whereas a Hummer is large, a Smart Car is small.
http://www.smartcarofamerica.com/forums/f7/ten-worst-gm-cars-23156/index3.html
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHEREAS
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
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Slow food tends to be healthy while fast food is usually unhealthy.
http://winerose.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/slow_food-soup.jpg
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHILE (FOR CONTRAST)
Subord. Conj. Conjunctions
While fast food is usually unhealthy, slow food tends to be healthy.
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
both __ and neither __ nor
not only __ but also
whether __ or
either __ or as __ as
Conjunctions
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSEITHER __ OR
I can only take one science class this semester, so I will take either chemistry or biology.
http://hongscience.pbworks.com/f/Beakers__Cover.jpg
Corl. Conj. Conjunctions
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSBOTH __ AND
I live in Chicago, but both my sister and my brother live in New York.
http://www.foreclosurelistings.com/images/resources/chicago-il/history-chicago.jpg
Corl. Conj. Conjunctions
http://www.freefoto.com/images/1210/14/1210_14_11---Manhattan-Skyline-New-York-City_web.jpg
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Neither the cat nor her kittens are eating.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSNEITHER __ NOR
http://www.turquoiseanimalhospital.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/catandkittens.jpg
Corl. Conj. Conjunctions
Neither the kittens nor the cat is eating.
Note -- The verb has to agree with the closest noun.
Plural Verb
Plural Verb
Singular Verb
Singular Verb
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The kiwi is not only fat-free but also contains fiber.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSNOT ONLY __ BUT ALSO
http://img.ezinemark.com/imagemanager2/files/30003693/2011/03/2011-03-17-08-27-36-3-eating-kiwifruit-not-only-helps-maintain-the-clear.jpeg
Corl. Conj. Conjunctions
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I don’t know whether I should take a jacket or leave it at home.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSWHETHER __ OR
http://www.joshuasacks.com/albums/Washington,-DC/Noah_leaving_Ben_s_House.jpg
Corl. Conj. Conjunctions
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Danny De Vito is not as tall as Arnold Schwarzenegger.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSAS __ AS
http://cdn.fd.uproxx.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/twins-Schwarzenegger-DeVito.jpg
Corl. Conj. Conjunctions
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INTERJECTIONS
Interjectionshttp://theleafsnation.com/uploads/Image/yikes.jpg
Yikes.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hfvrjHMjuDg/TVaE2VtdrbI/AAAAAAAACOw/y_r8B3RnkyA/s1600/Yipee.jpg
Yippee!
Interjections show emotions and are not grammatically connected to anything.