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Page 584
Glycolysis and TCA cycle: final accounting
• based on ~2.5 ATP/NADH and 1.5 ATP/FADH2• ~32 ATP/(glucose oxidized to 6CO2)
Text – Figures, pg. 584
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Free Energies for TCA Reactions
• note necessity of low (i.e. large negative) G for citrate synthase to drive preceding malate dehydrogenase reaction. This results in low oxaloacetate concentration.
• large negative G steps are points of regulation.*
***
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Figure 17-15
Regulatory Mechanisms in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and the TCA Cycle
• covalent modification of enzymes ex: phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase
• (non-covalent) product and feedback inhibition (e.g. by NADH, ATP, citrate)
• allosteric effectors (ADP/ATP, Ca++)
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Figure 17-16
Points of Regulation in the TCA Cycle
inhibition
activationText – Figure 17-16
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Figure 17-17
TCA Cycle intermediates are a major source of molecules for other metabolic pathways
• note that several of the molecules look like amino acids, except for the absence of an -amino group
Text – Figure 17-17
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Page 589
TCA Cycle intermediates are a major source of molecules for other metabolic pathways
ex: production of glutamate from -ketoglutarate
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Production of some other amino acids by transamination reactions
ex: production of alanine and -ketoglutarate from glutamate and pyruvate
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Page 589
Production of some other amino acids by transamination reactions
ex: production of aspartate and pyruvate from oxaloacetate and alanine
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Page 590
The depletion of TCA cycle intermediates for use in other pathways must be offset by replenishing (anaplerotic) reactions, including pyruvate carboxylase.
Text – Figure, pg. 590