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SESSION 5
Fundamentals of Computer
Processing
The Database and Database
Management System
Data Communications
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPUTER PROCESSING
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Prosesor
Memori
Penyimpanan sekunder
Perangkat Input
Perangkat Output
5-3
KOMPONEN KOMPUTER DALAM
SISTEM INFORMASI
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Control Unit
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Primary
Storage Unit
Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
The
Computer
Schematic
Input Data
Output
Information
Secondary
Storage
Unit
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Main unit where processing is performed
oCalled CPU
oMicrocomputer CPUs called microprocessors
Speed
oMoores Law
oMegahertz (MHz)
oWord Size
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Main memory
Storage area where both data being
processed and program instructions being
executed are storedStorage (secondary)
Magnetized coding on the surface of a
storage device
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One kilobyte (1KB)
210 bytes (1,024)
One megabyte (1MB)
220 bytes (1,048,576)One gigabyte (1GB)
230 bytes (1,073,741,924)
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RAM - Random access memory
Computer programs and data are loaded into
RAM to be executed by the computer
processor
ROM - Read-only memory
Information used by the operating system and
processor when the computer is startedDRAM - Dynamic RAM
Allows buffering of data and increases
efficiency of RAM5-8
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SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
Runs much faster than most conventional
memory because it synchronizes its cycles with
the processors cycles
SIMM - Single in-line memory module
Holds 9 memory chips and transmits 32 bits
of data per cycleDIMM - Dual in-line memory module
Transmits 64 bits per data cycle
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Tape or disk drive
Sequential storage
Random storage
High Capacity
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Keyboards
Microphones
Machine-captured dataoScanners/barcodes
oCost benefits
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Displayed
oMonitor
Resolution
Pixals
GUIoCGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA
Printed
oSpeedoQuality
o Impact/nonimpact
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Perangkat lunak terbagi menjadi dua,
yaitu :A. Perangkat Lunak Sistem
B. Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi
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Perangkat lunak yang melaksanakan tugas-tugas
dasar tertentu yang diperlukan semua pemakai
Komputer
Ada tiga jenis dasar perangkat lunak sistem :
1.Sistem Operasi, berfungsi sebagai interface antara
pemakai, perangkat lunak yang memproses data
perusahaan dan perangkat keras. Contoh : Windows XP,
DOS, UNIX
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Menjadwalkan Tugas
Mengelola sumber daya perangkat keras dan
perangkat lunak
Menjaga keamanan sistem
Memungkinkan pembagian sumber daya untuk
beberapa pemakai
Menangani Interrupt
Menyiapkan catatan pemakaian
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2.Program Utility, suatu routine yang
memungkinkan pemakai untuk melaksanakan operasipemrosesan data dasar tertentu yang tidak unik pada
satu aplikasi pemakai tertentu.
3. Penerjemah Bahasa Komputer
Bahasa Generasi Pertama, Bahasa Mesin (machinelanguage)
Bahasa Generasi Kedua, Assembler
Bahasa Generasi Ketiga, Compiler dan Interpreter
Bahasa Generasi Keempat, Bahasa Alamiah 4GL,memungkinkan programmer atau pemakai
menginstruksikan computer apa dan bagaimana
operasi tersebut dilakukan
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Di Bawah ini yang termasuk kedalam generasi
bahasa
keempat :
Database Query Language
Modelling Language, khusus dirancang untukpembuatan model matematika. Contoh : GPSS
Very High Level Language : PASCAL, APL
Graph Generators : paket grafik
Report Writer : COBOL, RPG
Aplication Generators : program aplikasipembayaran gaji
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B. Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi
Pemograman Sendiri
Perusahaan menempatkan spesial informasi untuk
melakukan tugas merancang sistem berbasis computer
yang memenuhi kebutuhan unit perusahaan.
Paket Jadi
Ada empat kelompok besar :
Paket Aplikasi Bisnis Umum
Paket Aplikasi Khusus IndustriPaket Aplikasi Peningkatan Produktivitas
Organisasi
Paket Peningkatan Produktivitas Perorangan
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SDM SIST. INFORMASISDM SIST. INFORMASI & TINGKATAN MANAJEMEN
SDM SIST. INFORMASI DI DEPARTEMEN SISTEM
INFORMASI
PROSEDUR
AKTIVITAS
FUNGSI
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Keseluruhan komponen perangkat input, output
dan software dapat berperan langsung maupun
tidak langsung dalam pemecahan masalah.
Semuanya saling behubungan dan mendukung
kegiatan satu dengan yang lainnya. Perangkat
input dan output berperan dalam proses
penyelesaian masalah dalam hal perangkat keras,
sedangkan perangkat lunak, baik sistem maupun
aplikasi membantu para manajer untuk
meningkatkan produktivitas organisasi dan
perorangan, dengan menyederhanakan penciptaan
dan transmisi data. 5-20
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THE DATABASE AND
DATABASE MANAGEMENTSYSTEM
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Kumpulan data-data yang tersimpan
didalam media penyimpanan disuatu
perusahaan (arti luas) atau di dalamkomputer (arti sempit)
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Data Field
Smallest unit of data
Record
Collection of related fields File
Collection of related records
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Folders
Collection of related files
Conceptually similar to a branch of the
tree
Subfolder
A folder within a folder
Movement of folders using GUI
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1. Function
2. Frequency of Use
3. Users
4. Projects
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1. Data Value
2. Data Field3. Data Record
4. Data File
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Rows and columns of a spreadsheet can beregarded as a simple database
Flat files Does not have repeating columns
Spreadsheet table is a file and column is a field
Key fields Contains a value to uniquely identify each record
in a table
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Spreadsheet Term Data Structure Term
Table File
Column Field
Row Record
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Database
All data stored on computer-based resources of
the organization
Database Management System (DBMS) Software application that stores the structure of
the database, the data itself, relationships
among the data in the database, as well as forms
and reports pertaining to the database
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Hierarchical structure Uses the parent / children concept Limitation: Cannot handle ad hoc requests First DBMS was IDS by GE in 1964 CODASYL
Network structure Allow given record to point back to any other
record in the database Specification released by CODASYL in 1971
Solves problem of having to backtrackthrough data
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Relational structure
Rows and columns
Frees designers from need to specify relationships
prior to building the database
Date and Codd described structure
Does not rely on physical relationships
Easy to understand
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1. IBM
2. Informix Software, Inc.
3. Microsoft
4. Oracle
5. Sybase
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Database concept Logical integration of records in multiple files
Data redundancy Duplication of data
Data inconsistencyData independence Keep data specifications separate from
programs, in tables and indexes
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Book Name Author
Required
Banking Principles Knox 25
Management Information Systems 8E McLeod and Schell 75Personal Sales Techniques Wei 70
Quality Service, Quality Customer Brutus 54
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Salespersonfile
Salesstatistics
file
Customerfile
Accountsreceivable
file
Buyerfile
Inventoryfile
Vendorfile
Accounts
payablefile
Purchase
order
file
General
ledger
file
A Database Consists of One or More Files5-39
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GEs IDS first example
Used with COBOL
IBMs IMS
Apollo project Interface Issues
Intels System 2000, RAMIS, IDMS, Inquire
Query language interface
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SEQEL from IBM Continuation of IMS
Renamed SQL
Structured Query language Embedded within traditional language
Standalone
PC database packages
dBase II MS-Access
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Two approaches:
1. Process oriented approach
(problem- solving)2. Enterprise modeling
5-42
D fi
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Definethe Problem
Identify necessarydecisions
Describeinformation needs
Determine
the necessaryprocessing
Specifydata needs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Data NeedsCan Be
Defined by
Taking a
Problem-
Oriented
Approach
DataSpecifications
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Create
enterprise
data model
Develop
Database
Database
2.
1.
Strategic Planning for Information Resources
Data Needs
CanBe Defined
by
Creating anEnterprise
Model
Enterprise
Data Model
5-44
Describing the Database Contents
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Describing the Database Contents
Data dictionary
Enter
dictionary data
Data description
language (DDL)
Schema
Step 1
Step 2
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Data field name
Aliases (other names used for same data
field)
Type of data (numeric alphabetic)Number of positions
Number of decimal positions
Various integrity rules
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Describe the data
Enter the data
Use the database
Query language Query-by-example
Data manipulation language (DML)
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Datadescription
A DBMS
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languageprocessor
Database manager
Query
language
Data manipulation
language (DML)
Application programs
Database
description(schema)
Database
Informationrequests
Information
Transactionlog
Backup/recoverymodule
Performancestatistics
Performance
statisticsprocessor
Performancestatistics
A DBMS
Model
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Reduce data redundancy
Achieve data independence
Enable integration of data from multiple files
Retrieve data and information quickly Improve security
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Obtain expensive software
Obtain a large hardware configuration
Hire and maintain a DBA staff
Requires a firm to:
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DATA COMMUNICATIONS
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5-56
Komunikasi Data merupakan bentuk komunikasi
yang secara khusus berkaitan dengan transmisi
atau pemindahan data antara komputer-komputer,
komputer dengan piranti-piranti yang lain dalambentuk data digital yang dikirimkan melalui media
Komunikasi Data
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Computer communications is at threelevels Application level
Computer level Communication channel
Protocol Set of rules for communications
OSI Standard
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Layer Name Purpose
7 Application Layer Application-to-application communication
6 Presentation Layer Manage data representation conversions
5 Session Layer Establish and maintain communication channel
4 Transport Layer Guarantee end-to-end integrity of transmission
3 Network Layer Route data between network addresses
2 Data Link Layer Move data from one network address to another
1 Physical Layer Put data onto and off of the network media
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Early computers Terminals
Sneaker net
System Network Architecture (SNA) Established by IBM in 1974
Proprietary
Token-Ring Host computer controlled
peer-to-peer
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Ethernet
Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment
Corporation developed this protocol
Non-proprietary
Defined by IEEE
Works on a single transmission line
No token is passed
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Piece of the total data to be communicated,
combined with the address of the destination
computer for the data and other control
information.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) is one of the more
important packet switching protocols
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Address Four-part set of numbers
Each from 0 to 255
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) User connects through common carrier
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Protocols for users at home
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X.25
analog
older protocol
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Digital
Can carry voice, data, and video
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Frame Relays
Move to fiber optics
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Smaller packet size Faster transmission speeds
5-65
Data Communications Links the
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C
General Systems Model Elements
Standards
ManagementInformation
processor Environment
Input Transformation Output
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Each device must be connected to thecommunications medium via a network
interface card (NIC)
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LAN (local area network) Limited area but could include 100 or so micros
Facilitates office automation
MAN (metropolitan area networks) spans one city/metropolitan area
WAN (wide area network) Covers a large geographic area
Includes a wide variety of circuits
Usually includes host computers
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Users
Manager 1
Secretary 1
Secretary 2
Workstation1
Workstation2
Workstation3
Workstation4
Manager 2
NetworkServer
HardDisk
Letter QualityPrinter
Plotter
A Local Area Network 5-69
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Internet Collection of networks
Public
Intranet Uses Internet network protocols
Limits accessibility Firewall
Extranet For trusted business partners and customers
5-73
Wid A
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Satellite
Earth
station
Earthstation
Telephonecompanycentral office
Telephonecompanycentral office
Telephonecompanycentral office
Telephonecompanycentral office
Localloop
Usersmodem
Microwavetower
Microwavetower
IXC circuit(interexchange
channel)
IXC circuit
(interexchange
channel)
Localloop
Wide Area
Network
Usersmodem
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Centralized
Point-of-sale terminals
Data collection terminals
Distributed processing Receiving computer runs programs that use
data
Client/server processing
Mixes centralized and decentralized processingstrategies
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Legend:
Computer Terminal
A Network of Terminals
5-76
A Distributed Processing Network
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Legend:
CentralComputer
DistributedComputer
A Distributed Processing Network
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Modem
Converts digital to analog and vice versa
Bits per second determines transmission speed
Local loop
Hub
Receives a data packet from a computer at one
end of one spoke of the star topography and
copies its contents to all other computers Manageable hubs
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ComputerModem Channel ModemComputer
A modem is always required between a
telephone and a digital computer
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Router
Device that connects many LANs
More sophisticated than a bridge
Process header information of a packet
Switch
Filters data not intended for a computer on a
particular network
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Private Lines Circuit that is always open to communications
traffic
Also called leased line or dedicated line
Two types
T-1 - Maximum speed just over 1.5 Mbps
T-3 - Maximum speed 43 Mbps
Collections of 64 Kbps connections
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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Tunneling software makes Internet connections
more secure
Privacy through authentication
More cost effective than private lines
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Digital nervous systems of an organizationNetwork planning Anticipates firms network needs
Monitors performance
Network Control Determines faults Errors in data communication
Alerts to potential faults
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Network manager
Planning, implementing, operating, and controlling
a firms data communications network(s)
Staff
Network analysts (a type of systems analyst) Software analysts
Data Communication Technicians (specialize in
hardware)
LAN managers
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Cellular networks Hand held telephones
Primarily for voice
Wireless LANs
Extensions of regular LANs
Wide-area wireless networks
Nationwide