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PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE STAGESHow do children develop cognition (thinking, problem solving, memory)?
AP PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 9
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JEAN PIAGET
Swiss Psychologist (1896-1980) 1920s - studied the cognitive
abilities of children, especially his own 3 kids
Concentrated on the errors children make
Explained how thought of a child is fundamentally different from adults
Discontinuous stage model – children undergo a revolution at each stage, signifies movement to next stage.
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CHILDHOOD ADAPTATION
As children develop, they must make mental adaptions as they observe and experience the world.
A schema is a mental structure we use to organize and simplify our knowledge of the world around us.
Assimilation – Fitting new knowledge into mental schemas. Cocker spaniel = dog Collie = dog
Accommodation – The process of adjusting old schemas to fit new information and experiences. Cat dog , must form new schemes for cat
Cognitive development results from continual interweaving of assimilation and accommodation.
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FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTSTAGE ONE – SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
(birth – age 2) Concrete Actions – Reflexes, uses senses and
motor abilities to learn: looking, touching, hearing, putting things in their mouth.
Begin to show deliberate interaction with objects – grabbing, pushing
Milestone: Mental Representation – forming internal
images of objects and events Object permanence– (Approx. 6 months)
Knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue8y-JVhjS0
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STAGE TWO – PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (ages 2-6 or 7) Acceleration of the use of symbols and language
Pretend Piaget described this stage in terms of what child cannot
do: Egocentrism- Seeing the world only from your own point of
view, not understanding other’s perspectives http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OinqFgsIbh0&feature=related Animistic thinking- thinking inanimate objects have life and
mental processes Centration – the inability to take into account more than one
factor at a time. Not having the understanding of conservation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLj0IZFLKvg Irreversibility- inability to think though a series of events and
then mentally reverse the course. Ex: going forwards and backwards in a math problem 7+2=9; 9-2=7 Ex: understanding family relationships (understanding your cousin’s
mom is your mom’s sister, and you have the same grandma)
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STAGE THREE - CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (ages 7-11) Things are the same even if they change appearance Understand nature of identity
Girls, boys, sisters, brother Are capable of conservation, reversible thinking, and
cause and effect Conservation- Understanding that physical properties of
objects can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA04ew6Oi9M
Mental Operations- solving problems by manipulating them in your mind.
Begin to think logically and rationally Question Santa Claus
Limitation: Abstract thought Freedom, democracy, peace, justice
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STAGE FOUR - FORMAL OPERATIONAL
(age 12-adulthood) Capability of abstract, hypothetical reasoning Think about the future Ideas can be classified Can reason about situations they have not
experienced – empathy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw36PpYP
PZM&feature=bf_next&list=PL3A2A77133AAF0077
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CRITICISMS OF PIAGET
Changes in thought are more continuous and gradual rather than jumping from one stage to another Some Children understand far more than Piaget
gave them credit for; Some Adults understand less than Piaget gave them credit for
Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget Thought Most 3-4 year olds can take another perspective When 4 year olds play with 2 year olds, they
simplify their speech Young children understand when others are sad
Cognitive development depends on education and culture