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Ozone in Winter in the Upper Green River Basin
Greater Yellowstone Area Clean Air Partnership Meeting
October 15, 2008
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Jonah/Pinedale 2005
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Sublette County Wells
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Sublette Co. Gas Production 1980-2007
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How Ozone is Formed
Formed through a complex series of reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds driven by sunlight.
Generally thought to occur under sunny, high
temperature situations (i.e., summer months in urban areas)
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Changes to 8-hr Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard
Previous Standard: 3-year average of the 4th highest daily 8-hour averaged ozone concentration = 0.08 ppm
Standard Revised in May 2008: 3-year average of the 4th highest daily 8-hour averaged ozone concentration = 0.075 ppm
The primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) standard were set at the same value
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History of Air Monitoring in the Upper Green River Basin
Began ozone monitoring in 2005 Standard was 0.08 (~0.084) Found elevated levels:
4th high 8-hour 0.080 on February 24th (Yellowstone monitor that day was 0.049)
Confirmed that monitor was functioning properly
Recurred in 2006
4th high 8-hour 0.075 on February 27th
(Yellowstone monitor that day was 0.056)
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2005 & 2006 Top 5 8-hour ozone concentrations
Jonah Boulder Daniel South$
Date ppm Date ppm Date ppm
02/03/05 0.098 02/20/05 0.089 07/08/05 0.070
02/26/05 0.089 02/03/05 0.081 07/07/05 0.067
01/24/05 0.078 02/04/05 0.080 07/22/05 0.066
02/04/05 0.076 02/24/05 0.080 07/11/05 0.066
02/27/05 0.075 02/19/05 0.079 07/03/05 0.064
02/27/06 0.093* 04/21/06 0.081 02/25/06 0.083
02/25/06 0.081* 06/18/06 0.079 05/02/06 0.076
05/02/06 0.071 05/02/06 0.076 04/21/06 0.075
06/11/06 0.070 06/01/06 0.073 02/27/06 0.075
07/15/06 0.070 08/18/06 0.072 06/18/06 0.073* Less than 75% data completeness $ Began operation in July 2005
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Theories on Causes
Monitoring error Stratospheric Intrusion Transport Locally Formed
Jonah 12:00 2/27/06
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Theories on Causes - conclusions
Monitoring error: Not Likely Checked certifications Additional 3rd party audits Elevated concentrations at multiple monitors Winter 2006 put Chemiluminescent ozone monitor at Jonah to check
for interference and found none Stratospheric Intrusion: Not Likely
Tight inversion and stagnant conditions for several days Transport: Slight Possibility
Other areas had not reported high wintertime conditions
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Theories on Causes (cont.)
Locally Formed: Most Likely Precursors emitted
in area Suspected tight
inversion Stagnant
conditions Sunny, snow cover
2005
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AQD Response to Ozone Events
Concerns about elevated concentrations Potential for NAAQS violation Health effects on local public More development planned in SW Wyoming
Requested proposals for an Ambient and Meteorological Field Study
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AQD Initiated an Intensive Field Study in Jan. 2007
Study Objectives: Determine meteorological conditions Identify causes of high ozone Identify ozone distribution Identify role of ozone precursors Develop tools to model ozone formation
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2007 Ozone Monitoring Field Study
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2007 Continuous Measurements
Continued monitoring at Boulder, Jonah, and Daniel South
CastNet continued collecting ozone data
Wind speed with height at airport
Seven temporary stations to measure wind speed, wind direction and ozone
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2007 Intensive Operating Periods (IOPs)
Operational forecasts Elevated ozone events likely Trigger Intensive Operating Periods (IOPs)
IOP Measurement Objectives Determine structure of atmosphere during high ozone
events: How shallow is the inversion? What does the vertical ozone profile look like? What differences exist between Jonah, Boulder, Daniel?
Determine spatial variability of ozone concentrations around Upper Green River Basin
Determine VOC concentrations
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2007 IOP Measurements
Temporary equipment to measure upper level winds, temp., relative humidity and ozone at Airport
Aircraft measurements of ozone, temp., VOCs
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Summary: 2007 vs. 2005-2006 Weather Patterns
Weather conditions associated with high ozone events in 2005-2006 did not occur during 2007 Lack of snow cover in 2007 Stronger upper level winds in study area in 2007 Stronger surface winds in 2007 Morning surface inversions did not persist
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Meteorology
Why important? Ozone a secondary pollutant Ultraviolet light (sunshine) Temperature inversion
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Ozone: Sunlight
UV energy from the sun is required to produce ozone Historically, scientists believed ozone can’t be
formed in low temperatures or areas with low sun angles (i.e., winter)
Study measured UV energy Result: when ground is highly reflective, UV energy
is doubled
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Ozone: Sunlight
Albedo = 0.81 (snow) Albedo = 0.04 (bare ground)
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Preliminary conclusions
In the winter: Temperature inversion Still air Snow cover Sunshine Ozone precursors present in UGRB
Produce elevated ozone
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2008 Field Study Objectives
Develop a more complete characterization of winter ozone events in the Upper Green River Basin
Provide data for Development of a conceptual model of ozone
formation More accurate numerical simulations of high
ozone events
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2008 Study Approach
Study design based on 2005 & 2006 high ozone event data Identify meteorological and air quality modeling data requirements Identify data needed to evaluate initial theories Develop episode forecasting protocol
Use field study website to post daily forecasts and raw data Conduct measurements: mid-January – March 2008
Continuous Measurements to supplement existing network Intensive Operating Periods (IOPs)
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2008 UGWOS Continuous Sampling
Routine data collection at existing sites (Boulder, Jonah, Daniel South, Pinedale-CASTNET)Airport operations
Surface ozone Surface winds
Sodar Site Upper level winds, tempDetected inversions
x Five temporary surface sitesWind speed, wind direction and ozone
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2008 UGWOS IOP Measurements
Inversion layer measurement and columnar ozone measurement at airport:
8:00, 11:00, 13:00, 17:00 VOC/Carbon compounds sampling
Three hour integrated samples at Jonah, Boulder, Daniel: 4:00 – 7:00, 9:00 – 12:00, 14:00 – 17:00 MST
Aircraft grab samples Aircraft
Morning and afternoon flights Ozone, PM2.5, Temperature, Pressure
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Wyoming Daily Max 8-Hr O3: 2008 UGWOS Study Period
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
115
118
121
124
127
130
202
205
208
211
214
217
220
223
226
229
303
306
309
312
315
318
321
324
327
330
Month/Day (MDD)
ppb
UGWOS Area Max
Thunder Basin
Campbell Co.
Centennial
Yellowstone
75 ppb
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8-Hour Rolling Average O3Boulder, WY
February, 2008122
10495
99
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2/1/
082/
2/08
2/3/
082/
4/08
2/5/
082/
6/08
2/7/
082/
8/08
2/9/
082/
10/0
82/
11/0
82/
12/0
82/
13/0
82/
14/0
82/
15/0
82/
16/0
82/
17/0
82/
18/0
82/
19/0
82/
20/0
82/
21/0
82/
22/0
82/
23/0
82/
24/0
82/
25/0
82/
26/0
82/
27/0
82/
28/0
82/
29/0
8
O3
(pp
b)
85
75
Compliments of Shell 2008
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8-Hour Rolling Average O3Boulder, WYMarch, 2008
8081
90102
75
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3/1/
083/
2/08
3/3/
083/
4/08
3/5/
083/
6/08
3/7/
083/
8/08
3/9/
083/
10/0
83/
11/0
83/
12/0
83/
13/0
83/
14/0
83/
15/0
83/
16/0
83/
17/0
83/
18/0
83/
19/0
83/
20/0
83/
21/0
83/
22/0
83/
23/0
83/
24/0
83/
25/0
83/
26/0
83/
27/0
83/
28/0
83/
29/0
83/
30/0
83/
31/0
8
O3
(p
pb
)
7585
Compliments of Shell 2008
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11 March @ 6:00 pm
12 March @ 4:00 pm
Elevated O3 below
inversion
Inversionat 100 m
Different wind directions above and
below inversion
O3
Temp
No Inversion, no elevated
O3
2008 Pinedale Airport Vertical Profiles
Raw data – subject to change32
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Role of Mixing Heights
Elevated O3 when MH < 150 m agl Note mini-SODAR max range = 250 m agl
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SODAR Mixing Height
Daily Max 8-Hr Avg O3 at Boulder
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Photos from Boulder Visibility Camera
Feb. 19, 2008 Feb. 19, 2007
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Typical characteristics of high ozone episodes
• Extensive snow cover, light winds, clear to partly cloudy skies
• Strong, surface based inversion• Precursors trapped in very shallow layer (less
than about 150 m)– High morning NOx and VOC– Limited horizontal mixing results in strong spatial gradients
• Morning NW to afternoon SE wind reversal– Most common at Jonah; also seen at other sites
• Highest ozone nearly always found at Boulder; lowest at Daniel and Cora in 2008
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Conditions Conducive to Ozone Formation
The Three S’s: Surface winds are light Snow cover is fairly complete Skies are clear to partly cloudy
And more S’s: Stable shallow surface layer with strong surface
inversion
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Monitored Ozone, 8-hour averageMonthly maximums: Upper Green and Yellowstone
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Dec-07
ppb
Boulder
Jonah
Daniel
Yellowstone
Upper Green Winter PeaksUpper Green Winter PeaksUpper Green Winter Peaks
2005 2006 2007 2008
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What’s being done to reduce emissions associated with oil and gas exploration and production?
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Ozone Precursor Sources
Drill rigs Venting and Flaring from Well completion
activities Gas production Vehicles
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Emission controls: Rig Engines
State has no authority to regulate “non-road” sources
BLM’s Jonah Infill Record of Decision enabled NOx reductions improvements to rig – natural gas engines
BLM’s Pinedale Anticline Record of Decision requires operators to drastically reduce NOx emissions
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Shell’s Nabors 784 Drill Rig
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Insulated Urea storage tank used w/SCR to control NOx emissions from the diesel generators.
Urea Tank
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Cat 3512 (~1500 HP each) Diesel Generator Stacks w/SCR Note: Typically all 3 generators operate only during the drilling of the first 2,500 feet of each well with 2 generators operating for the rest of the drilling.
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Well Completion Emission Controls
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Portable 4-Phase Completion Equipment
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Ozone Precursor Sources that DEQ Controls
Gas production
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Well Separator
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Dehydrator & Pneumatic PumpControl Device
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Uncontrolled Condensate & Produced Water Storage Tanks
200 bbl storage tanks
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Multiple Well Facility
Dehy combustors
Tanks combustor
Dehy Contact Tower
Heater Stacks
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Immediate Response to the Ozone Challenge
Preliminary conclusion is that VOC controls should be the primary focus
Control existing uncontrolled sources by Jan 2009 Increase inspections to look at all fields in Sublette
County Voluntary reduction of VOC producing activities
during times when met. conditions appear conducive to ozone formation
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Additional Responses
Improve precursor emission inventories Revise oil & gas best available control
technology (BACT) requirements Interim offsets permitting policy
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Permitting New Sources
AQD can no longer conclude that increases in NOx and/or VOC in Sublette County can be justified
Interim permitting policy was implemented on July 21, 2008 All applications will require a demonstration that the
proposed facility will not prevent attainment or maintenance of an air quality standard
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Interim Policy (con’t.)
Offset must be in Sublette County Offset must be enforceable, or approved by AQD Reductions must occur after 4/1/08 Offset Ratios
For applications currently under AQD review:1:1 offsets for NOx and VOCs
For applications received after August 1, 2008:Offset of 1.5:1 for VOC and 1.1:1 for NOx
Currently are approximately 80 applications where offsets are being discussed with AQD
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Upcoming Monitoring
Continued operation of continuous monitors Move the Jonah monitor Adding a monitor in Pinedale – operating in
November Special winter monitoring in 2009 AQD will conduct forecasting for winter of
2009 to inform public and operators60
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Additional work
Further VOC analysis Develop a full scale ambient ozone model
Modeling is necessary to predict improvements from emission reduction activities
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AQD Monitoring Site 4th high 8-hour ozone values (ppm)
Site 2005 2006 2007 2005-2007 Average
2008 YTD value
Thunder Basin
0.063 0.072 0.072 0.069 0.074
Campbell County
0.063 0.065 0.072 0.067 0.050
Yellowstone
0.060 0.069 0.065 0.065 0.061
Boulder 0.079 0.072 0.067 0.072 0.101
Jonah 0.075 0.069 0.068 0.070 0.082
These sites have 3 complete years of data for 2005-2007
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Ozone Non-attainment Implementation Timeline
March 12, 2008: Final Rule signed May 27, 2008: Final Rule took effect March 12, 2009: State designation package (for
attainment/non-attainment areas) due to EPA March 2010: EPA makes final designations on
attainment/non-attainment areas 2013: Non-attainment SIPs due
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What will non-attainment mean Requests for new permits will be subject to new requirements, which include offsets and “Lowest Achievable Emission Rate” control requirements for large sources – currently, DEQ applies “Best Available Control Technology (BACT) to new equipment. NOx and VOC Controls for existing sources. “Conformity determinations” on all federal actions – places additional constraints on federal agencies to conform with DEQ’s nonattainment strategy.There could be requirements imposed on non-industrial sources; as example is an “inspection and maintenance” program for all mobile sources in the area.
DEQ will need to devise requirements that will be effective and make sense for the Upper Green. These may look like what other states have done or be entirely different. Ultimately emission reduction requirements must demonstrate success both through “modeled” attainment and acceptable actual ozone levels at the monitors.
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