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OXYGEN CONCENTRATOR FILTER RE-DESIGN & TESTING
Michael Madea
Wyatt AlbertBiomedical EngineeringEleventh Annual School of Science, Engineering, and Health Symposium
May 2, 2014
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CLIENT
Macha Mission Hospital Dr. John Spurrier
Mr. Melvin Mabeta
DeVilbiss Healthcare- partnering organization
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OXYGEN CONCENTRATORS
Purpose: Delivering concentrated oxygen for patients
Elderly with respiratory issues
Infants and children with bronchiolitis
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PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Problem: Premature concentrator failure
Average life is 43% lower than expectedNon-ideal conditions- humidity and dustIrregular maintenance
Goal: To sustain oxygen concentrator function
Increase longevity of machineMaintain adequate oxygen outputSimplify maintenance procedures
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WHAT ARE OXYGEN CONCENTRATORS?
Oxygen concentrators vs. oxygen tanksAccess
Sieve beds-filter out NitrogenMode of failure
95% Oxygen
5% Other gases
21% Oxygen
78% Nitrogen
1% Other gases
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HOW IT WORKS
NaturalAir
OxygenGas
Depressurizes
Pressurizes
To the Patient
Nitrogen Purge
Photo: Devilbiss Healthcare
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WHAT IS ZEOLITE?
ZeoliteSeparates gasses
Crystal structure Cage-like resemblance
Molecular exclusion
Photo: molecularsive.org
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WHY IS PRESSURE IMPORTANT?
Adsorption vs. AbsorptionAdsorption = Physical bond (weak)
Absorption = Chemical Bond (strong)
Pressure Swing AdsorptionHigh pressure = High adsorption
Low pressure = Low adsorption
Ads
orpt
ion
Incr
easi
ng
High Temperature
Low Temperature
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FIRST SOLUTION
Desiccant based filterRemoves humidity
Preserves zeolite functionality
Chose Silica Gel as desiccant
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PAST WORK
Designed Dehumidifying FilterDesiccant based
Site team trip May 2013Evaluated prototype on site
Provided aid with repairs
George Mono and Steven Bandstra 2013
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RESEARCH
Desiccant vs. Membrane
DesiccantCost effectiveEffective over short timeRequires periodic maintenanceRegenerative
MembraneNo maintenance requiredLong lifespanExpensive - $150/ft2
Requires dry air source
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NAFION MEMBRANE
Tetrafluroethylene – AKA TeflonBonded with Sulfonic Acids
Transports water acrossAcid Groups form channels
Blocks all non polar moleculesO2, N2, ect.
Passive transport
Requires difference in water concentration
Credit: Eric Listor
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MEMBRANE FILTER
Membrane
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HOUSING DESIGN
Decided on a design based on cost, durability and manufacturability
3D printed
Extruded ABS plastic
2 Halves sealed with rubber gasket
Photo: Makerbot.com
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HOUSING MANUFACTURING
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TESTING OF DESIGNQuestions to answer
Will design reduce humidity?
How much membrane material is needed?
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TESTING APPARATUS Oxygen ConcentratorHumidity Chamber
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HUMIDITY CONTROL SYSTEM
www.arduino.com
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RECORDING DATA
Humidity Chamber
OxygenConcentrator
Pressure, Temperature, Humidity sensors
Data Logging
Membrane Housing
Dry O2
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INITIAL RESULTS
Encountered Sensor ErrorNot calibrated for varying pressure
Relative Humidity = Function of pressure and temperatureSensors not compensated for pressure
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CONCLUSIONS
Initial tests indicate membrane does work
Membrane filter can provide a self-sustaining solution
Testing procedure adequate to benchmark prototype
Need better procedure for collecting humidity data
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FUTURE WORK
Test membrane material in multiple conditions
Rework data collection
Revise filter design
Site team trip in January
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr Brian Swartz, AdvisorDr. John Spurrier, ClientMr. Mabeta, ClientMark Cole, Professional Correspondent Jilean SchutzEric Listor Chris ScheibBarbara Ressler, Former Advisor
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QUESTIONS
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DRYING AGENT COMPARISON CHART
Solution Cost Size Implementation AvailabilityPower
requirements Transportation Maintenance
Aftercooler High Intermediate HardFairly
Common Large Varies Minimal
Mechanical Water
Separator Low Small Easy Common None Simple DailyDeliquescent
Dryer Fairly Low Large HardNot
Common Varies Difficult Weekly
Condenser High Large HardFairly
Common Varies Difficult MonthlyMembrane Air Dryer High Small Easy
Fairly Common None Easy Minimal
Desiccant Low Small Easy Common None Easy Moderate
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DETERMINATION OF FAILURE MODE
Temperature Humidity Altitude Dust Level
DeVilbiss specifications 50 to 96 F 50 to 90% 10,000ft Minimal
Conditions in Zambia 43 to 104F 60 to 95% 3000 to 10,000ft High
Analysis and collaboration with DeVilbiss led us to conclude cause of failure is contamination of the sieve beds-through dust and humidity
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The humidity in Macha is typically below 80% relative humidity so as long as we are able to reduce the humidity by 30% we believe we will not have problems with reduced concentrator lifetime
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